Human health and diseases

zoology

Innate immunity and acquired immunity difference in terms of presence, specificity, memory

• innate-

• present since birth or inborn

• no specificity means treat all pathogens same

• no memory

• Acquired

• gained during lifetime or adaptive immunity

• specific

• memory based (memory cells are there from first encounter from pathogen)

What are 4 barriers of innate immunity

and line of defense

1. physical barrier

2. physiological barrier

both are 1st line of defense

1. cellular barrier

2. cytokine barrier

both are 2nd line of defense

physical barrier examples

1. skin

2. mucous coating of GI tract, respiratory tract, reproductive tract

physiological barrier examples

1. tears

2. saliva with antibacterial enzyme Lysozyme

3. acid in stomach

cellular barrier examples

1. neutrophils (PMNL)poly morpho nuclear lymphocyte

2. macrophages and monocytes (phagocytic)

3. NK cells (natural killer) (target tumor cells) (non-phagocytic) (type of leucocyte)

cytokine barrier examples

Interferons are proteinaceous and they are secreted by virally infected cells to protect normal non infected cells

plasma

both statement correct

cytotoxic t cell

attenuated pathogens

3rd line of defense is

acquired immunity

primary immune response is slow because memory cells formed while secondary immune response is rapid and highly intensified

true false

true

secondary response also called

amnestic response

cells involved in humoral immunity

humor= blood

B- lymphocytes

1. plasma B cells/ effector B cells= produce antibodies

2. memory B cells

cells involved in cell mediated immunity and their functions

T lymphocytes

1. Helper T cell: help Tc cell and also help in prodycing antibodies from B lymphocytes

2. cytotoxic/ killer T cell: directly kill pathogen

3. suppressor T cell: suppress Th and Tc to regulate immune response

Memory t cell

structure of immunoglobulins or antibody is made of

proteinaceous structure of glycoprotein

represented as H2L2

Heavy chain ~ 50 kDa

light chain ~25 kDa 

antigen binding site also called____

present towards which terminal

Paratope

N terminal

1) between two heavy chain how many disulphide bonds

2) between one heavy and one light chain how many disulphide bonds

3) total disulphide bonds present

2

1

16

Type of Ig with percentage and function

• Ig G: 75-80% crosses placenta barrier

• Ig A: 10-15% found in colostrum and exist as dimer

• IgM: 7-10% heaviest antibody and exist as pentamer

• IgD: 1%

• Ig E: less than 1% least 

found in allergic reactions

primary and secondary immune response are controlled by special cells called

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

T lymphocytes produce an army of proteins in response to pathogen

true false

False

B lymphocytes produce an army of proteins in response to pathogen. The T lymphocytes do not produce antibodies but help B cells to produce them

when a host is exposed to antigens which may be in the form of living or dead microbes or proteins, antibodies are produced in host body

true false

true

conditions for organ transplant

• blood type matching

• tissue matching or MHC matching

• Major Histocompatibility complex

Vaccines are prepared from

attenuated pathogens

a is false

b is true

not lymphoid organs

lymph nodes

immune system attacks its own body

both true

both true

both true

what is responsible for graft rejection

Cell mediated immunity or T lymphocytes

Active and passive immunity difference

Active Immunity

• response is slow and long lasting

• Body produces its own antibodies

passive immunity

• response is fast and short lasting

• readymade antibodies given

examples of natural and artificial active and passive immunity

natural active - when a pathogen enters a body

artificial active- vaccination by giving weak or killed pathogens so antibodies produced in body

natural passive- IgA by colostrum given to baby and IgG by placenta to foetus

artificial passive- Antivenom and anti-Tetanus serum

Good humor hypothesis was given by

Hippocrates

Balance of certain fluids make us healthy

who disproved Good humor hypothesis

William Harvey after discovery of double circulation

Person with ____ has hot personality and would have___

Blackbile

fever

Bacterial diseases examples and causal bacteria

Typhoid- salmonella typhi

pneumonia- streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae

diphtheria- cornybacterium diphtheri

plague- yersinia pestis

dysentry- shigella

Typhoid

location

mode of transmission

symptoms

its enters small intestine through contaminated food and water and migrates to other organs through blood

sustained high fever 39-40 stomach pain

Intestinal perforation and death may occur in serious cases

widal test confirms

typhoid

Typhoid mary did what?

Mary mallon was a cook by profession and spread typhoid for years

Pneaumonia

location

mode of transmission

symptoms

it usually affects the lungs and alveoli

spreads by aerosols and droplets and even by sharing utensils

symptoms

fever chill cough

fingernails and lips turn bluish in severe cases

1st 2nd and 3rd generation vaccine difference

1st- killed or weak/attenuated pathogen to generate immune response memory cells

2nd- protiens or toxins released by pathogen

3rd- DNA of pathogen

For Hepatitis, both 2nd and 3rd genenration vaccine used How?

Recombinant protein is made using rDNA within yeast

rDNA= recombinant dna technology

____ has allowed production of antigenic polypeptides of pathogen in yeast or bacteria

recombinant dna technology

Autoimmune diseases examples

myasthenia gravis

rheumatoid arthritis

graves disease

what is exaggerated immune response called and losing power of discriminating between self and non self cells?

1st is allergy

next is autoimmune disorder

symptoms of allergy

redness, sneezing, low blood pressure due to vasodilation, breathing difficulty due to vasoconstriction,

process of allergy

1. IgE released from B cells

2. IgE binds to mast cell or basophil to sensitize them

3. on encounter with allergen they release histamine and serotonin

to reduce the symptoms of allergy which drugs given

anti histamine

adrenaline

steroids

allergic reaction can be fatal resulting in

anaphylactic shock

state primary lymphoid organs and their characteristics

1. Bone marrow- site of production of both B and T cell, B cell mature here

2. Thymus- lobular structure of heart where T cells mature

primary and sec lymphoid organs difference

pri-production and maturation of lymphocytes occur and lymphocytes become antigen sensitive

sec- interaction of antigen and antibody encounter and antibody proliferate into effector cell

shape of spleen and it mainly contains

bean shaped

mainly contains lymphocytes and macrophages or phagocytes

spleen acts as

large reservoir for erythrocytes

filter for trapping blood borne microorganisms

examples of sec lymphoid organs

1. spleen

2. lymph node

3. MALT containing peyers patches of small intestine, tonsils, apendix

dengue and chikungunia is caused by rna virus or dna virus?

which mosquito causes

RNA virus

aedes mosquito causes both dengue and chikungunia

Ascariasis

location

mode of transmission

symptoms

• small intestine

• eggs of parasite are released through faeces and contaminates fruits or vegetables and passed to healthy person

• MIA

• muscle pain, internal bleeding, anaemia

Wuchereria/ Elephantiasis/ Filariasis

location

mode of transmission

symptoms

• lymphatic vessels

• bite of female culex mosquito

• chronic inflammation of lymphatic vessels of lower body parts and genital area

protozoal diseases examples

Amoebiasis

malaria

asexual asexual

amoebiasis

location

mode of transmission

symptoms

large intestine

through contaminated food and water by housefly as mechanical carrier

excess mucous and blood in faeces

Host of malaria and their mode of reproduction

primary- mosquito- sexual stage

secondary- humans- asexual stage

life cycle of plasmodium

1. infective stage sporozoite enters liver hepatocytes

2. asexually divide and after some time cell rupture

3. the parasite reenters liver or mainly attacks RBC and asexually divide

4. RBC also burst and haemozoin released which causes chills and fever

5. parasite reenters RBC and forms sexual stage only formation mega and micro gametocyte

6. anopheles bites and picks these sexual stages

7. gametocyte forms ova and sperm in mosquitos gut. these are not formed in human due to high temp

8. form zygote then turns into sporozoite and stored in salivary glands of mosquito

1st case of AIDS reported in year ___ and has killed more than___

world aids day

1981 in us

killed more than 25 million

1 december

causative agent of aids and mode of transmission

HIV a retrovirus

1. sexual intercourse

2. mother to child

3. sharing of needles and syringe

4. blood transfusions

structure of HIV

GP numbers

number of reverse transcriptase

ds RNA or ssRNA

AIDS is a congenital disease

true false

false

Diagnosis of AIDS can be done by

1. ELISA enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay

2. PCR

3. Western blotting confirmatory test

Anti retroviral drugs can cure AIDS

true false

false

it can only delay death

Process of HIV virus taking over cells in body

1. virus enters macrophage first and ssRNA replicated to form dsDNA with help of enzyme reverse transcriptase

2. this viral dna gets incorporated into host dna and directs the infected cells to produce virus particles

3. macrophages continue to produce virus and called HIV factories

4. virus attacks T helper cells and immune system gets weak. number goes from 1200 to 200

5. during this patients has bouts of fever diarrhoea and weight loss