DRRR REVIEWER SEM2Q4 SY 24-25

earthquake

sudden shaking of the ground

one

how many magnitudes in an earthquake

foreshocks

Lesser earthquakes that occur in the same location as the as the major one that follows

mainshock

largest and main shock

aftershocks

always generated by mainshocks

tectonic earthquake

Earthquakes produced by sudden movement along faults and plate boundaries

volcanic earthquake

Earthquakes produced by movement of magma beneath volcanoes

fault

fracture in the rocks that make up the earth's crust

epicenter

point at the surface of the surface directly above the focus

focus

the point within the earth where an earthquake rupture starts

plates

massive rocks that make up the other later of the earth's surface whose movement along faults trigger earthquakes

seismic waves

waves that transmit the energy release by the earthquake

10,000

active faults are those that moved in the last _________ years

magnitude

the amount of energy released

arabic numbers

magnitude is represent in _______ _______

intensity

strength of an earthquake as perceived and felt by people in a certain locality

roman numerals

intensity is represented by _______ __________

higher

intensity is generally _________ near the epicenter

groundshaking

disruptive up-down and sideways movement or motion experienced during an earthquake

primary waves

transmitted as a compressional disturbance

secondary waves

transmitted as a transverse disturbance

up and down

by p waves and first felt by people near the epicenter

sideways

by s waves and felt by people far from the epicenter

ground rupture

displacement on the ground due to movement of fault

fault ground rupture

Creation of new or the renewed movements of old fractures, oftentimes with the two blocks on both sides moving in opposite directions

tsunami

japanese word meaning "harbor waves"

tidal waves

tsunamies are erroneously called?

local tsunami

Confined to coast within a hundred kilometers of the source usually earthquakes and a landslide or pyroclastic flow

far field tsunami

It can travel 1 to 24 hours before reaching the coast of nearby countries

liquefaction

A process that transforms the behavior of a body of sediments from that of a solid to that of a liquid when subjected to extremely intense shaking

earthquake induced landslide

failures in steep or hilly slopes triggered by an earthquake

mass wasting

downslope movement of earth material, primarily caused by gravity

landslide

general term for mass wasting and landforms created by land wasting

volcano

A vent, hill, or mountain from which molten or hot rocks with gaseous material have been ejected

explosive volcanic eruption

most violent type of volcanic eruption

effusive volcanic eruption

type of volcanic eruption in which lava steadily flows out of a volcano onto the ground

dike

tabular or sheet-like bodies of magma that cut through and across the layering of adjacent rocks then solidify

fissure

elongated fracture or crack at the surface from which lava erupts

magma

molten or partially molten rock beneath the earth's surface

tephra

A general term for fragments of volcanic rock and lava that are blessed into the air by explosions or carried upward by hot gasses in eruption columns of lava fountains

caldera

A large, usually circular depression at the summit of a volcano formed when magma is withdrawn or erupted from a shallow underground magma reservoir

lahar

volcanic mudflows or debris flows

lava flows

stream-like flows of incandescent molten rock

pyroclastic flows

turbulent mass of ejected fragmented volcanic materials

ashfall

showers of airborne fine to coarse-grained volcanic particles that fall-out from the plumes of a volcanic eruption

tephra fall

another term for ashfall

gas emissions

Volcanic gases are a dissolved component of magma that is discharged in huge quantities to the atmosphere during eruptions

permanent danger zone

Delineated and identifies where permanent habitation is recommended dues to the possible impact of various hazards at any time

fire

process of rapid oxidation at elevated temperatures accompanied by the evolution of heated gaseous products of combustion, and the emission of visible and invisible radiation

oxidation

Combustion process is usually associated with __________ of a fuel in the present of oxygen with the emission of heat and light

heat

necessary to start and continue the combustion process

fuel

fire needs a source of combustible material to burn

oxidizing agent

supports the chemical processes that occur during fire

ignition

first stage of fire

growth or expansion

As the fire grows more and more, hot gasses are formed, which rise upwards and fill the upper part of the room

fully developed

If there is sufficient air in the room, all the objects in the room will be heated up to such an extent that the entire room can eventually be ignited during a relatively short period

decay

fire starts to diminish as fuel is consumed

class a

Involve common combustibles, plastic, or anything that leaves ash

class b

flammable liquid gasses

class c

energized electrical equipment

class d

combustible metals like potassium

class k

combustible cooking media such as oils and grease

water

used on paper, wood, coal, cardboard, or any other solid fuel fires,

foam

used on solid fuel fired as well as flammable liquid

powder

any kind of fire except for class K cooking oils

C02

used on flammable liquids and electrical fires

wet chemical

used on cooking oil fires as well as combustible solid materials

multipurpose

rated for use with more than one class of fire