Set #12 - AP Human Geography

Break-of-bulk points

Locations where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.

Bulk-gaining industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

Bulk-reducing industry

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

Cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Fordist production

Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

Labor-intensive industry

An industry for which labor costs make up a high percentage of total expenses.

Post-Fordist production

Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.

Site factors

Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital.

Situation factors

Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory.

Right-to-work laws

A U.S. state that has passed a law preventing a union and company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment.

Central Place Theory

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

Central Business District (CBD)

The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered.

Primate City

The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.

Primate City Rule

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.

Rank Size Rule

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

Settlement

A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants.

Basic industries

Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement.

Gravity Model

A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.

Edge City

A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.

Greenbelt

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.

Peripheral model

A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.

Redlining

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.

Sector model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD).

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Urban renewal

Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers.

Concentric zone model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.

Multiple nuclei model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.