WHAP Chapter 27 - 29 Test Review

1. How did the Catholic missionary, Matteo Ricci capture the attention of the Chinese emperor?-C

with mechanical clocks and then persuading him and his subjects to convert to christianity

2. What did the mechanical clocks symbolize?-C *Ricci (Reechi) tried to reach China to Christianity!!

the increasing engagement between asian and european peoples

3. What societies controlled their own affairs until the 19th Century, unlike in the Americas & Africa.-C*Know this!

east asian societies

4. What country remained the dominant power in E. Asia?-P

China

5. Who unified the Japanese island for the 1st time in the 17th & 18th Centuries?-P

Tokugawa shoguns

6. What East Asian country tightly restricted contact with the larger world.-PI

Tokugawa Japan

7. Who displaced Chinese traditions and bureaucrats in the 1200s/1300s?-P

Mongol overlords

8. Who sought to erase all signs of Mongol influence & restore Chinese tradition?-P

Ming emperors

9. What did the Ming emperors revive?-PC*Must know!

the civil service staffed by Confusion scholars

10. What nomadic people invaded China and continued to promote Chinese ways?-PC*Must know!

qing rulers

11. What was the principle concern of Ming/Qing (M/Q) emperors?-P

to maintain stability in a large agrarian society

12. How long did the Ming/Qing (M/Q) govern China?-P

half a millennium

13. What Ming emperor drove out the Mongols & established a tightly centralized state?-P*Must know!

Hongwu

14. Who oversaw the implementation of govt policies?-P Like audiencias, missi dominici?

mandarins

15. Who did Hongwu place great trust in?-P*Couldn't generate family dynasties that could overthrow the emperor.

eunuchs

16. Who sent out 7 naval expeditions?

Yongle

17. List 3 ways thatManchus preserved their ethnic identity.-PCMust know! Marriage, travel, Queues(Hair)

1. outlawed intermarriage between manchus and chinese

2. forbade chinese from traveling to manchuria (+ learning the language)

3. forced chinese men to shove the front of their heads and grow a manchu- style queue as a sign of submission to the dynasty

18. What 2 Manchu emperors had effective, long reigns?-P

- Kongxi

- Qianlong

19. Since China was so prosperous, what did Qianlong cancel at least 4 times?-P

tax collections

20. Who did the Chinese view as the "Son of Heaven"?-P

ming/qing emperor of china

21. Who had been designated by the "heavenly powers" to maintain order on earth?

"son of heaven"

22. What kind of jobs did those who only passed the district exam received?-CE

there were few opportunities for bureaucratic employment and usually spent their careers "plowing with the writing brush" by teaching in local schools or serving as family tutors

23. True or False There was no upward social mobility since only the wealthy were permitted to take the exams.-C

false

24. What philosophy was promoted by the civil service examination system?-C

confucianism

25. What fueled rapid population growth in China?*Must Know!

the introduction of new food crops from the americas

26. True or False Although global trade brought wealth, it partly undermined the stability of Ming/Qing China.-EIP

true

27. What was/is a child's crucial obligation?-CS*Remember China is all about family and patriarchy.

to support parents in their old age

28. Why would wealthy clan members provide an education for poor but promising relatives?-S *Honor for the family

corporate self-interest and altruism

29. What type of American crops did Spanish merchants introduce to China?-EI*CED

maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts

30. What happened to China's population between 1500 & 1750? Why?*Look over previous question.

1500-1600: 100 million to 160 million, fell to 140 million because of rebellion and war

1700: returned to 160 million

1750: surged to 225 million

31. What flowed into China from America & Japan after the mid-16th Century?CED*Big!!

Japanese and American silver

32. What did Chinese workers produce? *SPLiT-E

vast quantities of silk, porcelain, lacquerware, and tea for consumers

33. Since imports were few, what did China require as compensation for exports?-E*Big!!

silver bullion

34. What was the only place that Portuguese merchants were allowed to operate in China?-E

part of Macau

35. Where were Chinese merchants especially prominent (exchanging silk for American silver)?-E

manila

36. During what dynasties did Chinese engineers produce a veritable flood of inventions?-IC

tang and song dynasties

37. What did the Ming/Qing regimes favor over technological innovation?-PC

political and social stability

38. Who did China lose technological ground to around the mid-18th Century (1700s)?-EC

european peoples

39. Who occupied the most exalted positions in China (except the emperor)?-S

scholar-bureaucrats and gentry

40. Why were peasants considered the most honorable?-S_______________________________________________

they performed honest labor and provided the food that supported the entire population

41. Who ranked at the bottom level of the social hierarchy?-S CED*Know This!!__________________________

merchants

42. Why did moralists look down upon merchants?-S__________________________________________________

they saw them as unscrupulous social parasites

43. Who acquainted Chinese intellectuals with European science and technology?-C__________________________

european missionaries

44. Neo-Confucianism combined the moral, political values of _______________________________________with logical rigor & the speculative power of _____________________________________________________-C *CED

Neo-Confucianism combined the moral, political values of Confucius with logical rigor & the speculative power of Buddhist Philosophy

45. Who were the most prominent missionaries in China in the 16th Century (1500s)?-C_______________________

jesuits

46. What Jesuit missionary wanted to convert China to Christianity?-Mr. Guy correct this!!!!

jesuit matteo ricci

47. What was the ultimate goal of the Jesuits?-C

always to win converts

48. Why were Chinese hesitant to adopt Christianity?-C*

partly because of its exclusivity

49. When the pope ordered the suppression of ancestor worship, who banned the preaching of Christianity?-C

emperor kangxi

50. Who ruled Japan thru retainers (vassals) from the 12th thru the 16th Centuries?-P*Similar to European feudalism!

a shogun

51. What does the word shogun literally mean?-P

"military governor"

52. Theoretically, who was the ultimate source of political authority in Japan?-P

Japanese emperor

53. Who was nothing more than a figurehead in Japan?-P

the emperor

54. Who ended the civil war & established the Tokugawa bakufu in 1600?-P*He, therefore, restored stability/unity.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

55. Who provided the daimyo with knowledge of gunpowder weapons?-P

european mariners

56. Who was at the bottom of society?-S

merchants

57. What did scholars of "native learning" scorn?-C_________________

neo-confucianism and even buddhism as alien cultural imports

58. What religion did scholars of "native learning" emphasize?-C_________________________________________

shinto religion

59. What Jesuit missionary opened a mission to seek Christian converts in Japan?-C*Jesuit University in Ohio

jesuit francis xavier

60. What did the Tokugawa shoguns feel would destabilize Japanese society and the bakufu itself.-CP

alliances between daimyo and european adventures

61. What did the Tokugawa shogun order a halt to between 1587 and 1639?-C_______________________________

christian missions

62. Who did the Tokugawa shoguns order to renounce their faith?-C_______________________________________

japanese christians

63. What did the shoguns do to Christian missionaries who refused to leave?-C______________________________

crucifixion or burning at the stake

64. What ensured that Christianity would not soon reappear in Japan?-C____________________________________

Tokugawa policies

65. In what city did Dutch merchants trade with Japan after 1639?-ELarge seaport city today! *Atomic Bomb

Nagasaki

66. Who became Japan's principal source of information about the world outside east Asia?-CI_________________

dutch merchants

67. What did Japanese call this knowledge (about the outside world)?-C___________________________________

dutch learning

68. What ban did the Tokugawa authorities lift in 1720?-C___________________________________________

ban on foreign books

identify the peacock throne.

- a 7-year-old throne ordered by shah jahan which was completely decorated in more than 10 million rupees' worth of gems with a peacock atop

- the most spectacular seat on which any mortal human being has rested

identify the taj mahal.

*who built it? when? how long? why was it built?

- built by the emperor and his architects between 1631 and 1648 (18 years)

- it was a tomb for shah jahan's wife, mumtaz mahal, who died during childbirth in 1631

- a graceful and elegant monument to both the departed empress and to shah jahan's islamic faith

what did the gardens of the taj mahal represent?

the gardens of paradise

list 2 other islamic empires in the early modern age.

the ottoman dynasty and the safavid dynasty

what nationality did the ottoman, safavid, and mughals come from?

nomadic, turkish-speaking peoples of central asia

which dynasty made effective use of gunpowder weapons?

the ottoman dynasty

why did these 3 islamic empires wane in their fortunes?

they had ceased to expand territorially and gain access to new sources of wealth

from where is the term ottoman derived?

osman bey, founder of the dynasty

between what two dates did the ottoman empire last?

from 1289 to 1923

what were the ghazi supposed to purify the earth from?

the filth of polytheism

what happens to the ghazi who becomes a martyr?

they do not die, but they now live in beatitude with allah, having eternal life

what were christians from the balkans required to do with their boys?

through an institution known as the devshirme, they had to contribute to them becoming slaves of the sultan

what type of training would these christian slave boys receive?

- special military training

- they also learned turkish and converted to islam

describe the janissaries.

- the trained boys that became soldiers

- the word is derived from the turkish yeni cheri ("new troops").

what great city was captured in 1453 by mehmed II?

Constantinople

with what great italian city did mehmed initiate a naval war?

venice

what empire did süleyman keep on the defensive throughout his reign?

the habsburg empire

what city did suleyman besiege in 1529?

the habsburgs' prized city of vienna

who did suleyman challenge for supremacy of the mediterranean sea?

christian vessels

what was the official religion of shah ismail's realm?

twelver shiism

what belief did twelver shiism hold onto? *hint: religious leaders after muhammad.

there had been 12 infallible imams (or religious leaders)

what did twelver shiites believe concerning the twelfth imam? identify the qizilbash.

they believed *the "hidden" imam had gone into hiding around 874 to escape persecution, also believing he was still alive, one day returning to take power and spreading his true religion. the qizilbash were known as the "red heads". they were ismail's father's turkish followers wearing distinctive red hats with 12 pleats in memory of the twelve shiite imams

who were the foremost enemies of shah ismail's blend of shiism and turkish militancy?

the sunni ottomans who detested the shiite safavids and feared the spread of safavid propaganda among the nomadic turks in their own territory

why did the safavids refuse to use firearms?

they were devices they saw as unreliable and unmanly

who did the qizilbash cavalry put their trust in?

shah ismail

what islamic land empire was unable to conquer the safavid empire?

the ottomans

what military technology did shah abbas use?

gunpowder weapons

who never claimed to be a determined champion of islam? more of an adventurer/soldier of fortune!

zahir al-din muhammad, known as babur ("the tiger").

what was babur's great ambition?

to transform his inheritance into a glorious central asian empire

why did babur elect to stay in india?

never able to extend his authority much beyond Kabul and Qandahor and reduced at times to hardships and a handful oof followers

what type of weaponry did babur use to invade india?

gunpowder weapons, including both artillery and firearms

why did babur's army (entourage) want to leave india? ruined their compound bows.

the hot and humid indian climate