AP Bio - Unit 1

Unit one of AP Biology

Elements found in carbohydrates

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Elements found in proteins

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

Elements found in nucleic acids

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

Elements found in lipids

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides. Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.

What are the polymers of carbohydrates?

Polysaccharides. Examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

What are the monomers of proteins?

Amino acids. Examples include glycino and tyrosine.

What are the polymers of proteins?

Polypeptides. Examples include enzymes (ex. amylase), keratin, and myosin.

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides. Examples include adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (in DNA), and uracil (in RNA).

What are the polymers of nucleic acids?

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

What are the monomers of lipids?

There are no true monomers of lipids. However, glycerol and fatty acids can be counted.

What are the polymers of lipids?

There are no true polymers of lipids. However, triglycerides can be counted. They consist of three fatty acid molecules bonded to a glycerol molecule. Examples include fats, oils, and phospholipids.

Hydrogen bond

A hydrogen bond is a weak chemical bond between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom like oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine. It plays a crucial role in biological processes like DNA structure and protein folding.

Covalent bond

A covalent bond is a type of chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons in order to achieve a stable electron configuration. This bond occurs between nonmetal atoms and results in the formation of molecules.

Nonpolar covalent bond

Electrons are shared equally between the two atoms in the covalent bond. One example is an O₂ molecule, where both atoms have an equal number of electrons.

Polar covalent bond

Electrons are not shared equally between the two atoms in the covalent bond. This results in partial charges in each atom. One example is an H₂O molecule, where the oxygen is partially negative and the hydrogens are partially positive.