chapter 2: behavioral neuroscience

two components of neuron doctrine

1. brain cells work independently

2. neurons communicate across gaps (synapses)

glial cells function

provide support + nutrition to brain

mitochondria provides cells with

energy

nucleus contains

chromosomes

ribosome function

in the ribosome, genetic information is translated produce proteins

dendrites/….. zone

dendrites/ input zone (receives information)

soma/….. zone

soma/ integration zone (neuron determines whether to send signal or not)

axon/…. zone

axon/ conduction zone (carriers electrical signal)

axon terminals/….. zone

axon terminals/ output zone (transmit neuronal activity across synapse)

axon split into multiple branches

axon collaterals

multipolar neuron

many dendrites + single axon

bipolar neuron

one dendrite on one end + one axon on other end

unipolar neuron

input zone (like dendrites) + output zone (transmit sensory information into spinal cord)

interneurons

receive info then pass along to next neuron otw to brain

arborization

tree-branch-like arrangement of dendrites

presynaptic

area of synapse where neurotransmitter released

postsynaptic

area of synapse where neurotransmitter received

parts of synapse

presynaptic membrane + synaptic cleft + postsynaptic membrane

autoradiograpahy

after an animal brain slice is injected with radiative drugs, scientists expose the brain slice to a film camera to see where radioactive substance has concentrated— allow scientists to map brain

immunohistochemistry

involves creating colorful antibodies that bond to select proteins of interest, by injecting antibodies into neuron, protein distributions can be found

in situ hybridization

labelled nucleic acids used to find distribution of specific proteins

histology

study of tissue composition

nissan stain

reveals cell bodies by staining rna

golgi stain

fills small proportionof nuerons with dense dark products

tract tracer

compound used to identify routes and connectivity of neurons

receptor

binds/ reacts to neurotransmitters/ hormones

neuroplasticity

nervous system’s ability to change in response to environment

motor proteins

attaches to vesicle and moves them around

axonal transport go in which direction

both directions

anterograde transport

moves materials towards axon terminal

retrograde transport

moves material to cell body for recycing

what type of axonal transport is fast?

when electrical signal travels outside of axon it is a rapid transmission

astrocyte

glial cell type- star shaped, form sucker-like ends on blood vessels to help neurons get more blood supply when active

microglial cells

glial cell type- remove cell debris from injured/dead cells

oligodendrocytes

forms myelin in CNS

nodes of ranvier

gaps in myelin sheath where axon is exposed

edema

swelling of tissue

schwann cell

forms myelin in PNS

myelin

fatty insulation around axon, improves speed of conduction

multiple scelerosis

widespread degeneration of myelin

gross neuroanatomy

“ew gross” anatomical features visible with eye

what is a nerve?

collection of axons bundled together outside the CNS

motor nerve

transmit info from spinal cord to body

sensory nerve

conveys information from body to spinal cord and brain

somatic nervous system

nerves connecting brain and large muscles

autonomic nervous system

nerves connecting brain and viscera (internal organs)

dorsal root

branch of spinal nerve, carries sensory info from pns to spinal cord

ventral root

branch of spinal nerve, carries messages from spinal cord to pns

preganglionic neurons

central neurons innervate ganglia

postganglionic neurons

ganglionic neurons innervate the body

autonomic nervous system three divisions

-sympathetic nervous system

-parasympathetic nervous system

-enteric nervous system

neurons that support autonomic functions

autonomic ganglia

ganglia

collection of nerve cell bodies located outside CNS/ in PNS

sympathetic nervous system

middle spine (thoracic + lumbar)

parts of spine

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal

spinal segment chunks

8, 12,5,5,1

parts of spine + segment amount/nerve amount

cervical (8 nerves, 7 vertebrae), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (1)

parasympathetic nervous system definition and location

“rest and digest”, originates in brainstem and sacral spinal cord (para- around sympathetic nervous system)

sympathetic system hormone

norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

parasympathetic system hormone

acetylecholine

enteric nervous system

local network of sensory + motor neurons that regulate gut, under CNS control

gyri

raise ridge/ bumps on brain

sulci

shallow grooves on surface of brain

fissures

deep grooves in brain

sylvian fissure also known as

lateral sulcus

cerebral hemispheres

right and left halves of brain

sylvian fissure

demarcates where temporal lobe is

central sulcus

divides frontal and parietal lobes

sagittal plane

divides into left/right

coronal plane

divides into front/back

horizontal plane

divides into top/bottom

ipsilateral

same side of body

contralateral

opposite side of body

proximal

towards the center

distal

towards the limb

afferent

carries info to region of interest

efferent

carries info away from region of interest

postcentral gyrus

strip of parietal cortex directly behind central sulcus, receives somatosensory information from whole body

precentral gyrus

strip of frontal cortex, crucial for motor control

gray matter

no myelin, processes information/ thoughts

white matter

contains axons wrapped in myelin, transmits signals between brain and body

corpus callosum

thick bundle of nerve fibers that connect left and right hemispheres