HSA Unit 2 Test Review

a complete review, here is a booklet of the same terms https://dashboard.blooket.com/set/68d6e735920b88a235fc3913

Nervous system

Includes the brain and spinal cord (CNS) and all other nerves (PNS); Specialized and organized into regions with roles in sensing, integrating, and responding to stimuli

Central nervous system (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

Cerebrum

largest part; higher functions (such as memory, emotion, and consciousness)

Cerebrum parts

-Cerebral cortex -Corpus callosum -Basal nuclei -Limbic cortex

Cerebral cortex

folded outer gray matter

gyri

ridges

sulci

grooves

Corpus callosum

connects left and right hemispheres

Basal nuclei

planning movement

Limbic cortex

emotion, memory, behavior

Diencephalon parts

thalamus + hypothalamus

Thalamus

sensory relay to the cortex (not smell though)

Hypothalamus

regulates homeostasis and the endocrine system via the pituitary gland

Brain stem

Divided into midbrain, pons, and medulla

Midbrain

visual, auditory, and body reflexes

pons

helps regulate heart rate and breathing; bridge to cerebellum

medulla

regulates heart rate and breathing

cerebellum

Coordinates movement, posture, and balance; not to be confused with cerebrum

Spinal cord

Divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral regions

Dorsal (posterior) regions

sensory functions

ventral (anterior) regions

motor functions

Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)

voluntary movement

Primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)

touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception

Visual cortex (occipital lobe)

vision

Auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

hearing

Prefrontal cortex

"executive" functions: planning, judgment, decision-making

Broca's area (frontal)

speech production; damage causes expressive aphasia (can think words but not fluently speak them)

Wernicke's area (temporal/parietal)

speech comprehension; damage causes receptive aphasia (difficulty understanding language)

Neurons

carry signals to communicate info

Glial cells (glia)

support nerve cells (structure, insulation, and CSF production)

Neuron structure

Soma, Dendrites, Axon, Synapse

Soma (cell body)

contains nucleus/organelles

Dendrites

collect input from other cells

Axon

carries signal away; insulated by myelin with nodes of Ranvier

Synapse

junction where axon terminal releases neurotransmitters to next cell

Neuron shapes

unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

Astrocytes

support cells

Oligodendrocytes

CNS myelin

Microglia

immune cells

Ependymal cells

make CSF in ventricles

Schwann cells

PNS myelin

Satellite cells

support in ganglia

Ganglia

bundles of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

conscious perception and skeletal/voluntary muscle control; includes fast reflexes

Autonomic nervous system

involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands for homeostasis; includes parasympathetic and sympathetic

Sympathetic

"fight or flight"

Parasympathetic

"rest and digest"

Sensation

detects stimuli; 5 senses: taste, smell, touch, sight, hearing

Integration

processes inputs, compares with memory and state, decides response

Response

effect based on processed info; voluntary (skeletal) or involuntary (smooth/cardiac)

Alzheimer's Disease

progressive memory decline; neurodegeneration

Parkinson's Disease

movement disorder (tremors, rigidity) due to neuron loss

Huntington Disease

inherited movement and cognitive decline; neurodegeneration

ALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)

progressive motor neuron loss leading to weakness and atrophy

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

autoimmune demyelination of CNS; sensory, motor, visual deficits

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

autoimmune demyelination of PNS; weakness and autonomic issues

Stroke (CVA)

loss of brain blood flow; deficits depend on brain region injured

Ischemic stroke

vessel blocked/narrowed – no flow

Hemorrhagic stroke

vessel ruptures; bleeding in brain

Cerebral palsy (CP)

non-progressive motor disorder from early brain injury

Traumatic brain injury

head trauma causing neurologic deficits

Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

withdraws CSF for diagnosis/therapy

EEG (electroencephalogram)

electrodes on scalp record brain’s electrical activity; used for seizures/AMS

EMG (electromyography)

needle electrode in muscle records activity; used for neuromuscular disorders

Epidermis

outer skin layer; keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; avascular; 4 layers in thin skin, 5 in thick (palms/soles)

Dermis

middle layer; blood vessels, lymph, nerves, follicles, glands; papillary (areolar CT) + reticular (dense irregular CT)

Hypodermis

subcutaneous layer; loose CT + adipose; anchors, cushions, insulates

Adipose tissue

fat tissue

Functions of integumentary system

protection, sensation, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis

Vitamin D

important for immune defense against infections

Hair

protection, sensory input, thermoregulation; melanin for color; arrector pili cause goosebumps

Nails

protect tips, aid fine motor tasks; root, bed, lunula, cuticle, hyponychium

Sweat glands

eccrine: watery sweat for cooling; apocrine: thicker sweat in armpits/genitals; body odor

Sebaceous glands

secrete sebum (oil) to lubricate/protect skin/hair

Basal cell carcinoma

most common skin cancer; from stratum basale; rarely metastasizes

Squamous cell carcinoma

from stratum spinosum; more aggressive; may metastasize

Melanoma

from melanocytes; highly metastatic and dangerous

ABCDE of melanoma

Asymmetry, Borders, Color, Diameter, Evolving

Albinism

genetic lack of melanin; UV sensitivity

Vitiligo

autoimmune loss of melanocytes; patchy depigmentation

Eczema

chronic inflammatory skin condition; itchy, red, scaly

Acne

clogged sebaceous glands; bacterial infection/inflammation

Psoriasis

autoimmune; thick red patches with silvery scales

Ringworm (tinea)

fungal infections (athlete’s foot, scalp, nails, body)

Cellulitis

bacterial skin infection; redness, swelling

Impetigo

bacterial infection; pustules + honey-colored crusts

Scabies

mite infestation; intense itching

Hives (urticaria)

allergic reaction; raised, itchy welts

Warts

viral infection causing raised skin growths

Calluses and corns

thickened skin from friction

Bedsores

pressure-induced ulcers over bony areas

Stretch marks

dermal tearing from rapid growth/weight gain

Scars and keloids

collagen overproduction after injury

Frostbite

tissue damage from freezing

First-degree burn

epidermis only; redness, pain

Second-degree burn

epidermis + dermis; blistering, swelling

Third-degree burn

full thickness; destroys epidermis/dermis; sensory loss possible

Fourth-degree burn

extends into muscle and bone; most severe

Rule of Nines

method to estimate % of body burned