Studied by 5 people
Types of Organisms Autotroph/Producer An organism that makes its own food Heterotroph/Consumer Organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer Omnivore An animal that eats both plants and animals Carnivore A consumer that eats only animals Herbivore A consumer that eats only plants Scavenger A carnivore that feeds on the bodies of dead organisms to obtain energy Decomposer An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms to put nutrients and carbon into the ecosystem Energy Flow and Processes Photosynthesis Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars Chloroplast is where photosynthesis occurs Photosynthesis equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O --> light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Reactants: carbon dioxide and water; Products: glucose and oxygen Chloroplast captures sunlight energy and converts it into chemical energy-Chlorophyll: Green pigment in plants for photosynthesis Factors affecting photosynthesis: Temperature, Light Intensity, CO2 concentration, Water Availability Respiration Purpose of aerobic respiration: Take in oxygen to create energy Aerobic Respiration releases ATP, CO2, H2O Anaerobic respiration: Respiration without air, produces about 2 ATP Aerobic respiration/Cellular Respiration: Uses oxygen to make energy from glucose, releasing CO2 after creating ATP Aerobic respiration equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + (about) 38 ATP Plants get reactants (water, CO2, sunlight) for photosynthesis Trophic Levels and Food Chains Trophic level: Each step in a food chain or food web Food web: A community of organisms with interrelated food chains Food chain: Series of steps where organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten Primary consumers (herbivores) consume producers Secondary consumers (carnivores) eat primary consumers Tertiary consumers (carnivores) consume secondary consumers Cellular Processes and Macromolecules Mitosis purpose: Growth and repair of damaged tissue Protein monomer: Amino acids Lipid monomer: Fatty acids and glycerol Nucleic acid monomer: Nucleotide Carbohydrate monomer: Monosaccharide Muscle cells have more mitochondria for energy production Ecological Concepts Biomass and Ecosystem Dynamics Biomass: Total mass of organisms in a given area or volume Carrying capacity: Largest number of individuals an environment can support Limiting factors: Conditions that restrict where an organism can live Exponential growth: Constant rate of reproduction in a population (J curve) Logistic growth: Growth rate slows after exponential growth (S curve) Invasive species: Fast growth, rapid reproduction, dominate environment, harm ecosystem Species Interactions and Biodiversity Predation: One organism kills another for food Mutualism: Both organisms benefit Commensalism: One benefits, the other is unaffected Parasitism: One benefits, the other is harmed Predator-prey: One animal eats the other Competition: Both animals fight for the same resource Carbon Cycle and Environmental Impact Carbon cycle: Circulation of carbon from atmosphere into organisms and back Fossil fuels, deforestation, decay contribute to CO2 in the atmosphere Respiration releases CO2 in animals and plants Burning fossil fuels leads to greenhouse gases, habitat interference, air pollution Carbon passes from plants to animals through organic compounds Cellular Structures and Functions Cell membrane controls cell permeability Cell wall provides support and protection in plant cells Nucleus contains genetic material and controls cell activities Cytoplasm holds organelles and facilitates anaerobic respiration Ribosome is the site of protein synthesis Vacuole stores water, nutrients, waste Genetics and Cell Biology Meiosis and Genetic Variation Meiosis occurs in testicles and ovaries Meiosis produces 4 genetically different haploid gamete cells Crossing over creates genetic variability in gamete cells Chromosome count at the end of meiosis is 23 Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction Genetic Processes and Molecules Codon: 3 bases on mRNA mRNA carries instructions from DNA to ribosome tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome rRNA is part of the ribosome Transcription: Synthesis of RNA from DNA template Translation: Decoding mRNA to produce proteins Evolutionary Biology Analogous structures: Body parts with common function but different structure Homologous structures: Similar structures in different species due to common ancestry Eukaryotes are multicellular organisms, Prokaryotes are unicellular Earth's Spheres and Interactions Atmosphere: The air Biosphere: Life Geosphere: Rocks and land Hydrosphere: Bodies of water Abiotic factors: Nonliving components like weather and sunlight Biotic factors: Living organisms in an environment
autotroph/producer
An organism that makes its own food
Heterotroph/consumer
organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer
omnivore
An animal that eats both plants and animals
carnivore
A consumer that eats only animals.
herbivore
A consumer that eats only plants.
scavenger
A carnivore that feeds on the bodies of dead organisms to obtain energy
decomposer
An organism that breaks down wastes and dead organisms to put nutrients and carbon into the ecosystem
trophic level
Each step in a food chain or food web
biomass
the total mass of organisms in a given area or volume.
food web
A community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains
food chain
A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
primary consumers (herbivores)
heterotrophs that consume producers
secondary consumers (carnivores)
obtain their energy by eating primary consumers
tertiary consumers (carnivores)
consume secondary consumers
photosynthesis
Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars
Chloroplast
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Photosynthesis stores
energy
photosynthesis equation
6CO2 + 6H2O --> light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Reactants and products of photosynthesis
reactants: carbon dioxide and water
products: glucose and oxygen
Chloroplast
captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
chlorophyll
Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis
Factors that affect photosynthesis
Temperature, Light Intensity, CO2 concentration, and Water Availability.
ultimate source of energy
sun
purpose of respiration
take in oxygen to create energy
Respiration releases
ATP, CO2, H2O
anaerobic respiration
Respiration without the use of air and produces about 2 ATP.
Aerobic respiration/Cellular Respiration
an organism takes in oxygen to make energy using Glucose, releasing Carbon Dioxide after creating ATP
aerobic respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + (about) 38 ATP
where do plants get reactants
Water, CO2, and sun light.
36-38 ATP
how much ATP is made in aerobic respiration?
carrying capacity
Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
limiting factors
Conditions in the environment that put limits on where an organism can live
exponential growth
Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate (J CURVE)
logistic growth
Growth pattern in which a population's growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growth (S CURVE)
invasive species
fast growth
rapid reproduction
dominate the environment
harm to ecosystem
native species
Species naturally found in an ecosystem, not introduced by humans. Maintain biodiversity and ecosystem balance.
flow of energy
the movement of energy through an ecosystem
abiotic factors
Nonliving components of environment. Weather, amount of sun, space
biotic factors
All the living organisms that inhabit an environment
predation
An interaction in which one organism kills another for food.
carbon cycle
The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again
photosynthesis
what process removes CO2 from the air?
Fossil fuels, Deforestation, plants/animals decay
What are 3 ways that carbon dioxide gets into the atmosphere?
respiration
both animals and plants give off CO2 with the process of _____?
what burning fossil fuels does to the ecosystem
greenhouse gases, interference of habitats and ecosystems, and air pollution.
how carbon is passed from plants to animals
plants contain carbon. this carbon is passed with organic compounds when the animal eats the plant.
cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6+6O2---> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP
Glucose + Oxygen --> 6 Carbon + 6 Water + Energy
biodiversity
The number of different species in an area
secondary succession
Creating a new ecosystem from a previously ruined ecosystem
climax community
A stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species over time
Testicles and ovaries
The human organs where meiosis occurs.
relationship between meiosis and sexual reproduction.
Meiosis makes sex cells needed in sexual reproduction
crossing over
creates genetic variability between gamete cells
23
What is the chromosome count at the end of meiosis?
meiosis produces
4 genetically different haploid gamete cells
mitosis purpose
growth and repair of damaged tissue
protein monomer
amino acids
lipid monomer
fatty acids and glycerol
nucleic acid monomer
nucleotide
carbs monomer
monosaccharide
they require more energy
why do muscle cells have more mitochondria than skin cells
Mitochondria and nucleus
What are the key features of eukaryotic cells?
diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
carbon
What element do all organic compounds (biomolecules/macromolecules) contain?
codon
3 bases on mRNA
mRNA
carries instructions from nucleus [DNA] to ribosome
tRNA
type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
rRNA
makes up part of the ribosome
transcription
synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
translation
Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
analogous structures
Body parts that share a common function, but not structure
homologous structures
Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
the air
Atmosphere
Life
Biosphere
Rocks and Land
Geosphere
All bodies of water
Hydrosphere
Both organisms benefit
Mutualism
One benefits and the other isn’t affected
Commensalism
One animal benefits while the other is harmed
Parasitism
one animal eats the other
Predator-prey
both animals fight for the same resource
competition
Cell Membrane
Controls what goes in and out of the cell
Cell Wall
Structure outside the cell membrane in plant cells, provides support and protection
Nucleus
Contains the cell's genetic material and controls the cell's activities
Cytoplasm
a gel-like substance within cells that holds organelles in place, and is where anaerobic respiration takes place
Ribosome
site of protein synthesis in the cell
Vacuole
Stores water, nutrients, waste
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell responsible for generating ATP through cellular respiration
Chloroplast
responsible for photosynthesis
Prokaryote
uni-celluar organisms
Eukaryote
muli-celluar organisms
Note 
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