Nutrition Midterm Study (Test/ case study questions)

A person who eats a granola bar from a vending machine is most likely making a food choice based on: ____.

 

Availability

 

Body image

 

Habit

 

Environmental concerns

Availability

At a party with friends, Janine drinks wine and eats hors d’oeuvres, even though she is not hungry. This is an example of a food-related ____.

social interaction

negative association

emotional turmoil

habit

 

social interaction

Researchers benefit from a large sample size because ________.

 

-the control group will more like the experimental group

 

-any placebo effect is eliminated

 

-it increases the likelihood of double-blind results

 

-chance variation is less likely to affect the results

 

chance variation is less likely to affect the results

To be accepted into the body of nutrition knowledge, research findings must stand up to rigorous, repeated testing in experiments conducted by other researchers. This is called ________.

 

correlation

 

randomization

 

replication

 

validity

replication

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates?

45% to 65%

15% to 20%

5% to 10%

25% to 40%

 

45% to 65%

What nonnutritive substance contributes energy, but does not sustain life?

 

Alcohol

 

Artificial sweeteners

 

Sugar

 

Fats

Alcohol

Which nutrient has the greatest energy density?

 

Protein

 

Fat

 

Water

 

Carbohydrate

Fat

Which of the following best describes randomization?

 

The experimentation on subjects who do not know to which group they’ve been assigned

 

The process of choosing members of experimental and control groups without bias

 

The personal account of an experience

 

The repetition of an experiment and getting the same results

 

The process of choosing members of experimental and control groups without bias

Which of the following does not represent one of the six classes of nutrients?

 

lipids

 

water

 

phytochemicals

 

carbohydrates

phytochemicals

Which of the following statements best describes the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for a nutrient?

 

It is designed to meet the needs of nearly all healthy people.

 

It is the minimum amount that the average person needs in her diet.

 

It is designed to prevent deficiency diseases of about half of the general population.

 

It is set more than twice as high as the average person needs.

 

It is designed to meet the needs of nearly all healthy people.

A popular term used to denote foods that contribute energy but lack protein, vitamins, and minerals is ________.

 

empty kcalorie foods

 

kcalorie control

 

variety

 

moderate foods

 

empty kcalorie foods

Adding calcium to an orange juice product is an example of nutrient ____.

 

enrichment

 

mineralization

 

fortification

 

restoration

fortification

Food labels express the nutrient content in relation to a set of standard values known as the ____.

 

Dietary Reference Intakes

 

FDA Standards

 

Recommended Dietary Intakes

 

Daily Values

Daily Values

Nutrient dense refers to foods that ____.

 

carry the USDA nutrition labeling

 

provide more nutrients relative to kcalories

 

contain a mixture of carbohydrate, fat, and protein

 

are higher in weight relative to volume

provide more nutrients relative to kcalories

Statements that characterize the relationship between a nutrient or other substance in a food and its role in the body is known as:

 

Structure-function claims

 

Health claims

 

Nutrient claims

 

Daily Values

Structure-function claims

The diet-planning principle that ensures that a diet provides all the nutrients, fiber, and energy in amounts sufficient to maintain health is called ____.

 

moderation

 

kcalorie control

 

variety

 

adequacy

adequacy

Vegan diets exclude what kind of products?

 

All animal products

 

Seeds

 

Legumes

 

Nuts

All animal products

Which one of these nutrients must be used to enrich grains?

 

Calcium

 

Protein

 

Zinc

 

Folate

Folate

Which recommendation is part of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans?

 

Lower iron intake.

 

Limit kcalories from added sugars and saturated fats.

 

Limit protein intake.

 

Reduce seafood consumption.

 

Limit kcalories from added sugars and saturated fats.

Whole-grain flour contains all parts of the grain except for the ____.

 

husk

 

germ

 

endosperm

 

bran

husk

A mouthful of food that has been chewed and swallowed is called ________.

 

chyme

 

bile

 

a reflux

 

a bolus

a bolus

In which organ does most absorption take place?

 

Large intestine

 

Small intestine

 

Gallbladder

 

Liver

Small intestine

The pyloric sphincter opens into the ________.

 

large intestine

 

colon

 

small intestine

 

rectum

small intestine

What does gastrin do?

 

It stimulates stomach glands to release the components of hydrochloric acid to maintain an acidic pH.

 

It stimulates the pancreas to secret enzyme-rich juices to digest fats and proteins.

 

It stimulates the pancreas to secret bicarbonate-rich juices into the small intestine to maintain a slightly alkaline pH.

 

It stimulates the gallbladder to secret bile into the duodenum to emulsify fats.

It stimulates stomach glands to release the components of hydrochloric acid to maintain an acidic pH.

What is the primary function of the epiglottis?

 

To allow passage from the esophagus to the stomach

 

To absorb water and minerals

 

To house lymph cells

 

To protect airways during swallowing

To protect airways during swallowing

When does absorption begin?

 

Within three to four hours after eating

 

At least five hours after eating

 

Immediately after eating

 

Within one hour of eating

Within three to four hours after eating

Which of the following defines lumen?

 

The flavor of monosodium glutamate

 

The conduit from the mouth to the stomach

 

The continuous inner space within the GI tract

 

The opening between the duodenum and jejunum

The continuous inner space within the GI tract

Which of the following has the highest pH?

 

Pancreatic juice

 

Gastric juice

 

Bile

 

Water

Bile

Which term describes the backward flow of stomach contents?

 

Reflux

 

Catalyst

 

Gastric mucosa

 

Pepsinogen

Reflux

Which term is defined as food components that are not digested by the human body but are used as food by the GI bacteria to promote their growth and activity?

 

Probiotics

 

Symbiotics

 

Prebiotics

 

Postbiotics

Prebiotics

A friend says he is on the “keto diet” and eats no carbohydrates. His body converts his dietary protein to glucose through ________.

 

gluconeogenesis

 

protein-deleting action

 

acid-base balance

 

ketosis

gluconeogenesis

Condensation is a chemical reaction that releases ________.

 

carbon dioxide

 

water

 

hydrogen

 

oxygen

water

Foods rich in carbohydrates include all _______ foods.

 

plant

 

unsweetened

 

health

 

processed

Plant

One teaspoon of sugar provides 4 grams of carbohydrates and about ________ kcalories.

 

16

 

8

 

32

 

48

16

Which compound is a storage form of energy for the body?

 

Fiber

 

Starch

 

Glycogen

 

Sucrose

Glycogen

Which disaccharide is commonly called table sugar?

 

Maltose

 

Lactose

 

Sucrose

 

Fructose

Sucrose

Which of the following enzymes begins digestion?

 

Amylase

 

Lactase

 

Maltase

 

Sucrase

 

Amylase

Which of the following is a monosaccharide sometimes known blood sugar?

 

Fructose

 

Maltose

 

Sucrose

 

Glucose

Glucose

Which of the following is not a resistant starch?

 

Milled grains

 

Legumes

 

Green apples

 

Just-ripened bananas

Green apples

Which statement accurately describes lactose intolerance?

 

Eliminating milk products from the diet is required to alleviate symptoms.

 

Most people who claim to be lactose intolerant have been clinically diagnosed.

 

Symptoms include bloating, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea.

 

Its prevalence is highest among northern Europeans.

 

Symptoms include bloating, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea.

By definition, lipids that are solid at room temperature (77°F or 25°C) are called ________.

 

oils

 

saturated fats

 

omegas

 

glycerols

 

saturated fats

Linolenic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid. What does “omega-3” mean?

 

It contains three double bonds.

 

Its closest double bond is three carbons away from the acid end.

 

Its closest double bond is three carbons away from the methyl end.

 

Its closest double bond is three carbons away from each end.

Its closest double bond is three carbons away from the methyl end.

What are chylomicrons?

 

Tiny spheres of emulsified fat

 

Alcohols with three-carbon chains

 

Food additives

 

Clusters of lipids and proteins used as transport fat from the intestines to the body 

 

Clusters of lipids and proteins used as transport fat from the intestines to the body

What product has the highest amount of saturated fatty acids?

 

Lard

 

Butter

 

Beef tallow

 

Coconut oil

Coconut oil

Which are the largest and least-dense of the lipoproteins?

 

HDL

 

VLDL

 

LDL

 

Chylomicrons

Chylomicrons

Which item is a chief source of long-chain fatty acids?

 

Artichokes

 

Dairy

 

Fish

 

Rye

Fish

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?

 

Saturated fat

 

Cholesterol

 

Stearic acid

 

Linolenic acid

Linolenic acid

Which of these is a member of the omega-3 family?

 

Eicosapentaenoic acid

 

Linoleic acid

 

Stearic acid

 

Palmitic acid

Eicosapentaenoic acid

Which statement about fatty acids is FALSE?

 

They consist of a chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with an acid group on one end and a methyl group at the other end.

 

Fatty acids differ in the number and location of their double bonds.

 

Naturally occurring fatty acids contain even numbers of carbons in their chains.

 

The short-chain fatty acids of meats and seafood are most common in the diet.

The short-chain fatty acids of meats and seafood are most common in the diet.

Which statement about lipid digestion is FALSE?

 

Lingual lipase plays an active role in fat digestion in infants.

 

Gastric lipase is responsible for only a small amount of fat digestion.

 

Bile is a digestive enzyme that acts as an emulsifier.

 

When fat enters the small intestine, it triggers the release of CCK and bile.

Bile is a digestive enzyme that acts as an emulsifier.

A vegetarian who plans a meal involving rice can consume all the essential amino acids by adding another a plant protein rich in ________.

 

phenylalanine

 

lysine

 

glutamic acid

 

tryptophan

lysine

Amino means containing ________.

 

oxygen

 

nitrogen

 

carbon

 

sulfur

nitrogen

Antibodies are ________.

 

Edema-causing

 

large peptide molecules

 

giant protein molecules

 

buffers

giant protein molecules

How do proteins regulate fluid balance?

 

Proteins form polymers of water.

 

Proteins attract water.

 

Water degrades proteins.

 

Water attracts proteins.

Proteins attract water.

In what part of the GI tract is pepsin active?

 

Pancreas

 

Stomach

 

Mouth

 

Small intestine

Stomach

The degradation and synthesis of protein is called ________.

 

protein turnover

 

amino acid pool

 

immunity

 

nitrogen balance

protein turnover

The protein RDA for adults is ________ grams per kilogram.

 

0.08

 

0.36

 

0.8

 

3.6

0.8

What element of their chemical structure differentiates one amino acid from another?

 

The side group

 

The acid group

 

The central carbon atom

 

The amino group

The side group

Which of the following is an essential amino acid?

 

Glutamine

 

Valine

 

Glycine

 

Cysteine

Valine

Which protein, acting as a hormone, regulates blood glucose?

 

Oxytocin

 

Prolactin

 

Thyroxine

 

Insulin

Insulin

Anaerobic means ____.

 

producing energy

 

requiring oxygen

 

generating carbon dioxide

 

not requiring oxygen

not requiring oxygen

For short, intense exercise, which energy-producing pathway does the body rely on most?

 

Pyruvate to acetyl CoA.

 

Lactate to pyruvate.

 

Pyruvate to acetyl CoA

 

Glucose to pyruvate to lactate

Glucose to pyruvate to lactate

In what process are the mitochondria of the cells involved?

 

Lipid synthesis

 

Lipid synthesis

 

Cholesterol synthesis

 

Conversion of pyruvate to ATP

Conversion of pyruvate to ATP

Once acetyl CoA is formed, it has two main options: to generate ATP or to _____.

 

make glucose

 

convert to ammonia

 

make fats

 

convert to urea

make fats

The amount of pure ethanol in a typical “drink” is ____.

 

1 ounce

 

1.5 ounces

 

2 ounces

 

0.5 ounce

0.5 ounce

The metabolism of alcohol begins in the ____.

 

liver

 

intestines

 

brain

 

stomach

stomach

The term that describes the sum of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells is _____.

 

glycolysis

 

photosynthesis

 

deamination

 

metabolism

metabolism

What are the “powerhouses” of the cell?

 

DNA

 

ribosomes

 

mitochondria

 

RNA

mitochondria

What is the sugar that helps make up ATP?

 

Sucrose

 

Dextrose

 

Glucose

 

Ribose

Ribose

Which of the following is a feature of aerobic metabolism?

 

Pyruvate is converted to glucose.

 

Lactate is created.

 

It does not require oxygen.

 

Energy is produced more slowly than in anaerobic metabolism.

Energy is produced more slowly than in anaerobic metabolism.