chapter 6 vocab

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61 Terms

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Activist

An individual who actively promotes a political party, philosophy, or issue she or he cares personally about.

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Americanism

A belief that Americans consider themselves bound by common values and common hopes.

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Blue States

A state with a recent history of voting for the Democratic candidates in presidential races.

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Campaigners

Those who both vote in elections and get involved in campaigns.

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Census

A systematic process of collecting and recording data about a population, primarily to understand its demographic characteristics and needs.

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Civic Competence

A belief that one can affect government policies.

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Civic Duty

A belief that one has an obligation to participate in civic and political affairs.

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Civil Disobedience

Opposing a law one considers unjust by peacefully disobeying it and accepting the resultant punishment.

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Class Consciousness

The tendency to think of oneself as a worker whose interests are in opposition to those of management.

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Communalists

Those who join organizations and participate in politics but not in partisan campaigns.

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Crosscutting Cleavages

Divisions in a society that split into many potential groups that may conflict on one issue but cooperate on another.

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Democrats

The party generally associated with liberal policies that advocate for social justice, environmental reforms, and healthcare access.

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Demography

The study of population characteristics and changes, including factors like age, race, gender, religion, income, and education.

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Equal Opportunity

An economic value in American culture maintaining that all people should have the same opportunity to get ahead.

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Exit Polling

A survey conducted with voters immediately after they have cast their votes on Election Day.

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Fifteenth Amendment

Prohibits the federal government and each state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

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Gender Gap

The observed differences in opinions, preferences, and voting behaviors between men and women.

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Grandfather Clauses

Requirements that for an individual to automatically qualify to vote, his or her grandparent had to have voted.

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Ideological Constraint

How deeply ingrained political ideologies can limit or shape the range of policies or actions a government or political actor can take.

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Inactives

Those who avoid all forms of political participation.

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Individualism

The habit or principle of being independent and self-reliant.

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Liberty

The belief that Americans should be free to do as they please, with some exceptions, as long as they don't hurt others.

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Literacy Tests

Requirements that voters be able to read; formerly used in the South to disenfranchise blacks.

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Melting Pot

The mixture of cultures, ideas, and peoples that has changed the American nation.

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Minority Majority

The emergence of a non-Caucasian majority, as compared with a White majority.

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Motor-Voter Law

Requires states to allow voter registration by mail, when applying for a driver's license, and at certain state offices.

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Nineteenth Amendment

Gave women the right to vote.

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Norm

A standard of right or proper conduct that helps determine the range of acceptable social behavior.

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Opposition Party

Comprises political parties or groups opposing the government in political control.

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Orthodox (Social)

A belief that morality and religion ought to be of decisive importance.

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Parochial Participants

Those who avoid elections and civic organizations but will contact officials regarding specific problems.

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Party Identification

The political party for which one usually votes.

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Political Culture

A distinctive and patterned way of thinking about how political and economic life ought to be carried out.

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Political Elites

People who have a disproportionate amount of political power.

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Political Ideology

A comprehensive set of political, economic, and social views or ideas about government.

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Political Participation

The ways in which individuals engage in political processes and express their opinions on government.

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Political Socialization

The process in which people develop their political values, beliefs, and ideology.

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Political Tolerance

A willingness to extend basic constitutional rights to offensive groups and ideas.

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Poll

A survey of public opinion.

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Poll Tax

Proof of tax payment required for voting; used to disenfranchise blacks.

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Progressive (Social)

Believes personal freedom is more important than traditional rules, dependent on modern life circumstances.

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Protest

A form of political participation aimed at policy change through unconventional tactics.

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Public Opinion

The distribution of the population's beliefs about politics and policy issues.

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Random-Digit Dialing

A technique used by pollsters to randomly call both listed and unlisted numbers.

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Random Sample

A sample where everyone has an equal probability of being selected.

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Reapportionment

The process of reallocating seats in the House of Representatives every 10 years based on census results.

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Red States

States that predominantly vote for or support the Republican party.

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Registered Voters

Those citizens registered to vote.

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Republicans

Promote a belief in limited government intervention in economic affairs.

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Sample

A relatively small proportion of people chosen in a survey to represent the whole.

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Sampling Error

The level of confidence in the findings of a public opinion poll.

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Twenty-Sixth Amendment

Requires individuals to be 18 years old to vote in federal elections.

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Un-American

Not in accordance with American characteristics.

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V.O. Key

Known for his work on political parties, public opinion, and realignment theory.

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Voter Apathy

The lack of interest in participating in elections.

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Voting-Age Population

Citizens who are eligible to vote after reaching a minimum age requirement.

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Voting-Eligible Population

All U.S. citizens age 18 and over eligible to vote.

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Voting Rights Act of 1970

A landmark federal legislation aimed at overcoming barriers preventing African Americans from voting.

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Voting Specialists

Those who restrict their political participation to voting in elections.

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White Primaries

A southern tactic to keep blacks from participating in primary elections.

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Work Ethic

A tradition requiring personal achievement and obedience to secular law, linked to the rise of capitalism.