Biology I - Unit 12 Review

fruits and vegetables

what foods are a lot of the vitamins and minerals we need found in?

red, orange, and dark greens

which vegetables have the most vitamins and minerals?

fat soluble

what does vitamins A, D, E, and K contain?

water soluble

what does vitamins B and C contain?

macro

what does calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium contain?

trace

what does iron and iodine contain?

electrolyte

what does sodium and potassium contain?

vitamin A

night vision; blindness

vitamin D

helps strengthen bones; sunlight

vitamin E

antioxidant that helps fight cancer

vitamin K

helps blood clot normally; hemorrhaging

vitamin C

protects body against infection; citrus fruits, orange juice, strawberries; scurvy (spots on the skin and bleeding gums)

calcium

milk, milk and dairy products, dark green leafy vegetables; osteoporosis

phosphorous

osteoporosis

magnesium

helps build bones

iron

helps carry oxygen to the blood; component of hemoglobin; anemia

iodine

iodized salt; goiter (swelling of the thyroid gland in the neck)

sodium

muscle cramps

potassium

irregular heart beat; muscle cramps

energy

fuel for your body

macromolecules

most of the large molecules in the living things are polymers called…; carbs, fat, protein

carbon

organic compounds contain ___

monomers

polymers are long chains of smaller molecular units called ___

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid

4 types of macromolecules:

quick and short-term

carbohydrates function to provide… and… energy

C, H, O

carbohydrates are composed of…

\-ose

most names for sugars end in…

C6H12O6 → glucose

example of a typical carbohydrate:

monosaccharide

what is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

they are the fuel for cellular work

why are carbohydrates important?

pasta, vegetables, fruit, bread, cereal, and candy

what are some examples of carbohydrate food sources?

carbon and hydrogen

lipids are composed largely of… and…

fats, oils, waxes, steroids, and hormones

what are some examples of lipids?

fats

___ are lipids whose main function is long term energy storage

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains

breakdown of lipids =

protein

contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, PLUS nitrogen and sometimes sulfur

amino acids

the monomers of protein are called ___ ___

8 essential

cannot be made by the body and requires a food source

12 nonessential

made by the body

nucleic acids

macromolecules made of long, repeating chains

nucleotides

long, repeating chains

DNA

a nucleic acid that contains the information cells need to make all of their proteins

genetic information

nucleic acids function in the storage and transmission of… and are therefore important in growth and development, as well as repair and reproduction

all living organisms

nucleic acids are found in…

ingestion

the act of taking food and drink into the body by the mouth

digestion

the process of breaking down food into individual molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall

absorption

the process of moving nutrients from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract into the bloodstream

transport

the process of moving absorbed nutrients throughout the body through the circulatory and lymph systems

elimination

the ___ of undigested and unabsorbed food through the feces

stomach

gastro =

gastrointestinal tract

a 23-foot-long muscular tube comprised of the organs of the digestive tract

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus

extends from the… through the…, …, and …, to the …

sphincters

a ring of muscle surrounding and serving to guard or close an opening or tube, such as the anus or the opening of the stomach

saliva

dissolves small food particles

salivary amylase, carbohydrates

it contains the enzyme…, which begins to break down…

mechanical and chemical

two types of digestion - … and … occur in the mouth

mechanically

teeth break down food into small pieces. tongue mixes food with saliva and amylase, which helps break down carbohydrates

enzymes

during digestion, large particles need to be broken down chemically by …

catalysts, speed up

enzymes are biological… and they … … chemical reactions in the body

in place

digestive enzymes speed up the breaking down process by holding the substrate (the large particle to be broken down) … …

\-ase

… ending = enzyme

epiglottis

the flap which covers the trachea so food and water does not enter the windpipe

peristalsis

food is moved through your body by rhythmic contraction/waves of the GI tract. this is called… this process squeezes food through the GI

bolus

food entering the stomach is now called …, which is a ball-like mixture of food and saliva that forms in the mouth during the process of chewing

stomach

muscular bag that stores the food you eat, and breaks it down even further into tiny pieces. the digestive process in the stomach alone can last 5 hours

digestive juices, proteins

here, food is mixed with … … that contain enzymes to break down …

hydrochloric acid, pepsin

… … is released 1st, about an hour later it activates the enzyme …, which then helps digestion by breaking the bonds linking amino acids which make up proteins

proteins

the only macromolecule pepsin chemically breaks down in the stomach

chyme

food in the stomach right before it enters the small intestine is now called …

acidic, pepsin is released

pH - the stomach is very … until … … …

chyme

… has to be neutralized before it moves to the small intestine because the small intestine can’t handle the low pH

duodenum

the first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach, leading to the jejunum

digestion and nutrient absorption

the majority of … … … … occurs in the small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

moving the small intestine contains 3 sections:

pancreas

the small intestine requires 3 enzymes to complete chemical digestion in the small intestine. all 3 are produced and released by the …, so we call them pancreatic

amylase

___ → starch/carbs → glucose

protease

___ → proteins → amino acids

lipase

___ → lipids/fats → 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

villi

increase intestinal absorptive surface area approximately 30-fold providing especially efficient absorption of nutrients in the lumen (surface area of the small intestine)

ascending

1st part of the large intestine is called the → ___ colon including the cecum and appendix

transverse

2nd part (top) of the large intestine is called the → ___ colon including the cecum and appendix

descending

3rd part of the large intestine is called the → ___ colon

water

site of ___ absorption

diarrhea

too little water reabsorption performed by the large intestine results in ___

constipation

too much water reabsorption performed by the large intestine results in ___

rectum

stores waste before it is released from the body

anus

relaxes to release waste from the body

does not pass through

food ____________ these organs, however, they play a major role in the digestive process

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

what are the three digestive accessory organs?

liver

* manufactures **bile** that are used to digest **fats/lipids**


* is the site of **alcohol and drug** metabolism (gets broken down)
* removes **toxins**
* produces **cholesterol**
* overall job is to **filter your blood**

gallbladder

* receives **bile** from the **liver**
* releases **bile** into the **small intestine**

pancreas

* **endocrine** function - releases hormones to maintain blood glucose levels
* regulates blood glucose
* **exocrine** function - secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine
* such as **amylase, protease, and lipase**

excretion

* removal of **metabolic waste**
* removal of **excess heat and water**

kidneys, lungs, skin, liver

what are the main excretory organs that are involved?

detoxification

changes harmful substances into inactive or less poisonous substances

amino acids

proteins are broken down into *… …*

amino group → changed to ammonia → then changed to urea (less poisonous) in the liver

what is the formation of urea in liver?

1. **CO2 and H2O** produced during cellular respiration
2. breakdown of amino acids from proteins produces nitrogen compounds such as **urea**
3. **salts (minerals)**

what are the major metabolic wastes?

kidneys → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra

what is the urinary system pathway?

1. remove **waste products** such as **urea, salts, and excess water**
2. to help **maintain homeostasis**

what are the 2 main functions of the kidneys?