Intro & Organizing Principles

PNB 2264 Flashcards!

Homeostasis

How do we maintian consistent internal conditions necessary for life?

Biological Energy Usage

How is energy produced and used by various cells?

Structure & Function Relationships

How have structures evolved to suit their function?

Cell-Cell Communication

How are electrical and chemical signals produced and transmitted?

Anatomy

Structures within the human body, structures we can see with the naked eye and structures we can’t see

Capillary

We cannot see this. It is a super small blood vessel going into the tissues and doing nutrient/waste exchanged with tissue. structure serves the function

Capillar Function

Nutrient and waste exchanged, structure needs to allow that

Squished cells lining the walls of capillary are known as…

Simple squamous epithelium.

What do the thin walls allow for?

Passage of ionons, oxygen, and other small molecules to reaily pass between the blood tissue.

Macroscopic Anatomy

Things we can see

Microscopic Anatomy

Things we cannot see, we need technology

We categorize levels of anatomical structure into…

More specific categories

Chemical Level of organization

We are all made up of atoms that bond to form molecules

Molecules come together to…

Form cells; the cellular level of organization is individual cells

When cells work together they…

Form tissue; we have various types of tissue that ar emade up of different cells working together, we see an example of thicker epithelium and some different types of cells working together within this epithelial tissue

When different tissues work together, they form…

The organ level of organization; stomach is an example of an organ

Small Intestine

Not only made up of epithelial tissue lining but also other tissues, there’s smooth muscle that helps it move food through the GI tract

When organs work together they form…

Organ system level of organization. For example, the digestive system, the small intestine is an organ within it that helps us digest food that we intake for energy and then helps use get rid of unuseful material.

Small subdisciplines of anatomy depend on…

Scale, scope, and interest. A lot of them end with -ology

Histology

Study of tissues

Embryology

Study of embryos

Gross anatomy

Things that you can see with the naked eye (bones, organs, muscles, blood vessels, nerves)

Microscopic Anatomy

The study of anatomy that requires equipment

Cytology

Study of cells (we use compound microscope to study them), they tend to be magnified much bigger and use special staining or fluorescence. Includes cell structures like mitochondria, whic can have a magnified image by 1,000,000 times using an electron scanning microscope.

1100 A.D. described…

The skeleton; Huge gap all we have is the ability to describe these structures that people often saw by dissecting cadavers

In 1900, what was invented?

Compound microscope. It allowed us to visualize tissues and cells.

In the second half of the 20th century…

The electron scanning microscope allowed us to see even smaller components of the cell, different organelles too. For example, maybe even very later proteins. This is visualized through electron scanning microscopy.

Study of anatomy occurs at…

The molecular and cellular level using lots of technology