Chemistry BASIS 8 : Comp

Matter

Something that has mass and volume.

Mass

The amount of matter in an object.

Volume

The amount of space an object takes up.

Elements

One type of atom that can exist as atoms or molecules.

Molecules

Two or more atoms chemically bound together, can be the same or different types of atoms.

Compounds

Two or more different elements that have a set ratio of elements.

Mixtures

Contain two or more substances.

Homogeneous Mixture

One or more substances dissolved in another substance. [even throughout]

Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture of substances that remain physically separate.

Solute

The substance being dissolved in a solution.

Solvent

The substance doing the dissolving in a solution.

Suspensions

Mixtures that contain large particles that settle out and can be seen individually.

Filtration

A method of separating solids from liquids and gases.

Distillation

Technique that separates liquids based on their different boiling points.

Chromatography

Technique that separates liquids based on their solubilities.

Solid

State of matter with a definite shape and volume.

Liquid

State of matter with a definite volume that takes the shape of its container.

Gas

State of matter that takes the shape and volume of its container.

Melting

Change from solid to liquid.

Freezing

Change from liquid to solid.

Condensation

Change from gas to liquid.

Boiling

Change from liquid to gas.

Sublimation

Change from solid to gas.

Deposition

Change from gas to solid.

Exothermic

Process in which the system releases heat to the surroundings.

Endothermic

Process in which the system absorbs heat from the surroundings.

Temperature

Measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance.

Heat

Energy transferred from one system to another as a result of a temperature difference.

Convection

Energy transfer due to the bulk motion of fluids of different temperatures.

Conduction

Energy transfer via particle collisions in adjoining regions.

Radiation

Transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves.

Period (in Periodic Table)

Horizontal rows where elements have the same number of electron shells.

Group (in Periodic Table)

Vertical columns where elements have similar properties and the same number of valence electrons.

Ion

An atom formed by gaining or losing electrons.

Atomic Radius

The distance from an atom’s nucleus to its outermost electrons. Least to greatest is top right to bottom left. Cs is bigger than Fr

Ionization Energy

The energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its gaseous state.

Electronegativity

An atom's ability to attract shared electrons in a chemical bond.

Ionic Bond

A bond formed between a metal and a nonmetal where electrons are transferred.

Covalent Bond

A bond formed between two nonmetals where electrons are shared.

Metallic Bond

A bond formed between two metals where electrons are delocalized.

Molar Mass

The mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).

Percent Composition

The mass percent of each element in a compound.

Empirical Formula

The simplest whole-number ratio of elements in a compound.

Molecular Formula

The actual number of atoms of each element in a compound.