AP Biology Unit 2.6-2.11

They would touch the non-polar tails, which would repel them.

Why do polar molecules need to use a protein to cross a membrane?

Antiport sends our an ion and pulls one in, and symport sends one ion out and two ions in.

Antiport vs. Symport

Receptor-Mediated endocytosis

brings specific molecules into a cell using receptors.

Endocytosis

uses energy to take in macromolecules by forming a vesicle around them.

Phagocytosis

cell takes in large, solid molecules

Pinocytosis

cell takes in liquids

Exocytosis

cell uses energy to release vesicles containing proteins, hormone, and waste

Golgi Complex

What organelle makes vesicles for exocytosis?

Cotransport

uses energy from electrochemical gradients to transports two different ions across a membrane.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

moe Na+ out and 2K+ in against the concentration gradient using ATP.

Concentration Gradient

a solute being more concentrated in one area than another

Passive Transport

movement of molecules along the concentration gradients without the use of energy

Diffusion

the movement of small, nonpolar molecules across the membrane along the concentration gradient

Facilitated Diffusion

diffusing polar/ionic molecules across a membrane along the concentration gradient through a protein

Active Transport

the movement of molecules across a membrane against the concentration gradient with the use of ATP

Osmosis

diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

Osmolarity

solute concentration

Solvent

liquid a solute is inside of

Solute

molecules that is diffused in a solvent

it is a polar molecule, which is repelled by the phospholipid tails

Why does water need an aquaporin to cross the membrane?

Tonicity (Solute Potential)

measuremnt of the solute concentratoin between two solutions

Hypertonic

more solute than solvent

Hypotonic

more solvent than solute

Isotonic

an equal amount of solute and solvent

their cell wall and large, central vacuole

Why do plant cells maintain pressure in hypotonic solutions?

Contractile Vacuole

releases excess water

is would plasmolyse due to water leaving the cell

What would happen is a freshwater paramecium was placed in salt water?

solution —> cell

Predict direction of osmosis if the cell has a water potential of -6 and the solution is -3.

cell —> solution

Predict the direction of osmosis if the water potential of a cell is -2 and the solution is -5.

the solute takes up space

Why does increasing the amount of solute decrease the water potential?

they compartmentalize the different metabolic processes.

How do organelles make eukaryotic cells more efficient?

the cell would die due to excess acid

What would happen if a lysosome ruptures?

They have highly folded inner membranes

What do mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common structurally?