Body Systems and Ailments Quiz

Skeletal System

1. Protects vital internal organs (brain, heart and lungs)

2. Produces blood cells

3. Provides internal support

Bones are made of:

hard and rigid tissue made of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by calcium salts. 

Bones

They offer support and protection to internal organs of the body.  The human body contains 206 bone.   

Periosteum

tough layer of connective tissue that surrounds the outside of the bone

Compact bone

dense bone found under the periosteum

Haversoan canal

tubes that run through the compact bone that contain nerves and blod vessels

spongy bone

less dense bone found at the ends of long bones and in the middle of short flat bones. organized into structures that resemble girders for a bridge and add strength for the bone

Octeocytes

mature bone cells that break down bone and produce bone

Bone Marrow

found at the center of the bones and made of soft tissue

what is yellow bone marrow made of

fat cells

what is red bone marrow made of

blood cells

Cartilage

a tough flexible connective tissue that doesn’t contain blood vessels

Ossification

when cartilage is replaced by bone

Ligaments

connective tissue that connects bone to bone

Tendons

connective tissue connecting bone to muscle

Muscle System

1. allows movement

2. circulated blood and moves food through the digestive system

skeletal muscle

attached to the skeleton, voluntary movement, strong, quick, striated muscle

Smooth muscle

involuntary, smooth (unstriated), weak but work contantly

Cardiac muscle

mix of both smooth and skeletal, make up the heart, unvoluntary, and works contstantly

Immune SYstem

fights off invaders (antigens)

Blood

has 4 components (plasma, RBC, WBC, and platelets)

Plasma

straw colored; water, dissolved gas, salts, organic matter; transfers nutrients to cells and takes away waste

Red Blood Cells

(erythrocytes) transport o2 w/ the help of hemoglobin and takes away co2

Hemoglobin

(gives blood red color) (responsible for transporting O₂) and as cell fills with _________, loses its organelles.

White Blood Cells

(leukocytes), guard against inection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria.

How do WBC engulf bacteria

phagocytosis

Histamines (WBC)

that increase blood flow to the affected area. 

Platelets

help form blood clots

Integumentary System

1. First line of defense against invaders

2. Regulates body temperature

3. Protects us from UV rays

Epidermis

outermost layer of the skin, contains 2 layers:

• outside is dead skin

  • inside is quickly divinging live cells, they make keratin, and melanin

keratin

which is a tough fibrous protein which helps waterproof the skin

melanin

which gives skin its color and helps protect against ­­­­­­­­­* UV *rays.

Dermis

thick inner layer of skin that contains blood vessels, nerve cells, glands, and smooth muscle

Blood vessels

contract when cold and expand when hot

Sweat glands

regulates the body’s temperature through precipitation and gets rid of the blood’s waste

Sebaceous Gland

produces sebum that helps keep the skin flexible and waterproof

Hair follicle

produce hair, made of keratin

Excretory System

filters the blood and produces liquid waste

Kidney

main organ to filter waste from the blood, maintains blood pH, and regulates amt. of water in the blood

nephron

removes waste from blood and creates urine

Ureter

carries urine from kidney to bladder

Bladder

holds urine, made up fo smooth muscle

urethra

opening in which urine is expelled through

Digestive system

obtains nutrients from food and forms solid waste

Mouth

chemical and mechanical digestion begin here. The teeth, tongue, and cheek help with mechanical, the enzymes in the saliva help with chemical

Esophagus

tube leads from the Pharynx to the stomach

epiglottis

directs food down the esophagus and air down the trachea

•At the end of the esophagus is the ____________ and when it does not work correctly, heartburn  can occur (food comes back into the esophagus when it should be in the stomach).  

cardiac sphincter

Peristalsis

waves of smooth muscular contractions movinh through the digestive system

Stomach

a muscular sac with thick expanding walls. The ________ muscles grind and break down the food further.

The stomach contains HCl (_________________) and pepsin (an enzyme) which chemically break down the food.

hydrochloric acid

Small intestine

a long tube (7 m) that absorbs nutrients from the food and digests carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

Pancreatic fluid

which contains sodium bicarbonate  , from the pancreas is secreted into the small intestines which neutralizes the acid from the stomach.  The pancreas also produces enzymes which continue to break down the food in the small intestine. 

Bile

secreted into the intestines which breaks down fats  .  _____________ is made by the liver  and stored in the gallbladder.  

Villi

finger like projections that cover the internal surface of the small intestines.  They increase the surface area  and allow more nutrients to be absorbed.  

Large intestine

a tube (1.5 m) that absorbs water from the remaining food and produces feces. 

The feces are collected in the _____ and are expelled through the _______. It takes 12-24 hours for one piece of food to be fully digested.

rectum, anus

Respiratory System

obtains oxygen and expels carbon dioxide

Lungs

sponge like organs located in the chest.  Made up of subunits called alveloi  , which are tiny air sacs.

Aveoli

tiny air sacs. The __________ is where gas exchange occurs- oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is expelled.  

Nose

•where air is inhaled.  The __________ is lined with mucous  and hair  , that trap dust and dirt.  The mucous also warms and moistens the air that is inhaled.  

Pharynx

throat, divides into passageways- one leads to the lungs and the other leads to the stomach. 

Larynx

voice box, muscular organ between the trachea and the pharynx. Contains the vocal cords which vibrate when air passes over them producing sound .

Trachea

- the main passageway to the lungs.  It contains* cilia  *to move mucous and trapped dust particles and bacteria into the throat to be swallowed. 

The trachea branches off into the 2 ____________, which than branch off into the bronchioles. At the end of the bronchioles are the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.

bronchi

Diaphram

a sheet of muscle under the lungs that separates the chest from the abdomen.

Circulatory System

transports oxygen and nutrients to body cells and takes away co2 and waste

Heart

has 4 chamber: 2 atria(upper) and 2 ventricles (lower)

How are the 4 chambers in the heart seperates

w/ valves

septum

separates the left and right side of the heart (doesnt allow o2 poor and o2 rich blood mix)

Arteries

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart (A= away). These blood vessels have thick  walls due to the force exerted by the ventricles.  The major artery of the body is the aorta  , which carries blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.  

what kind of blood do arteries have?

o2 rich blood

Veins

carry blood to the heart. Veins have* valves to keep the blood flowing in a one way direction, much like the heart. The major vein in the body is the superior and inferior vena cava * which carries blood back to the heart from the body.

what kind of blood do veins have?

o2 poor blood

capillaries

very thin walled blood vessels which oxygen leaves the blood to go to body cells and carbon dioxide enters the blood to be expelled.

Capillaries connect the ____ and the ________.

arteries, veins

Systemic circuit

pathway blood takes from the heart to the entire body

Pulmonary Circuit

pathway blood takes from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

Nervous System

controls the body and other body systems

Central nervous system

consists of the brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous cord

consists of the nerves that extend throughout the body  

Neuron

a nerve cell- the subunit of the nerve.

A neuron consists of

dendrites and axons

dendrites do what?

carry and recieve information toward the cell body

what do axons do?

carry impulses away from the cell body

Synapse

the gap between neurons

Brain

consists of 100 billion neurons and the control center of the body.  It consists of several regions  

Brain Stem

connects the brain to the spinal cord: coordinates breathing, heart rate & sleep  

Cerebellum

located at the back, base of the brain: coordinates balance, equilibrium & posture

Cerebrum

largest region of the brain located at the front and top of brain: coordinates the senses, speech, memory and motor skills. Gives you your personality.

Menges

layers of connective tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord. When infected, can cause meningitis

Bone fracture

skeletal; too much pressure + bone breaks

Tendonitis

skeletal; swelling tendons due to overuse

herniated disk

skeletal/nervous; disk b/w vertebrate bones rips or tears

Torn Ligaments

skeletal/muscular; tissue connecting bones rips

Shoulder dislocatiion

skeletal; arm no longer in shoulder joint

Osteoarthritis

skeletal; bone rubs on back no cushioning cartilage in joint

Stroke

circulatory/nervous, lack of oxygen to the brain

Concussion

nervous; brain slams into the inside of the skull

Cerebral Aneurysm

circulatory/nervous; a bulging blood vessel in the brain