adaptive immunity

what is the adaptive mechanism

target specific, use antibodies, slow, long lived

how does the lymphatic system help

uses tissues, blood plasma, lymph

what do the lymph nodes do

check for pathogens and respond

what are lymphocytes and what do they do

b and t cells, produce antibodies by antigenic determinants/epitopes

what do b cells do

produce antibodies

what do t cells do

bind to antigens presented by APC

where are self antigens recognized

in the thymus where t and b cells are matured, either pass or die

how are humans able to respond to many antigens

somatic recombination

what does the primary immune response do and when

few days after infection, antibody and t cell production

what is the secondary immune response

remembers the pathogen, very rapid, makes memory cells

what are naive b cells and what are they activated by

before bound to antigen, activated by antigen

what do helper t cells do and when

once presented by an antigen, signals be cell clonal selection

what are produced in b cell clonal selection

cytokines, plasma cells and memory b cells

what is the structure of antibodies

4 protein chains, 2 antigen binding sites, can anchor in b cell membrane

what is agglutination

binding of multiple antigens, clumps for phagocytes, attracts NK cells

how do vaccines work

trigger primary response, allows for fast secondary when exposed to real

what are t cell receptors made of and what are they a part of

glycoproteins, only binds to antigen presented by MHC, cell mediated immunity

what are MHC proteins and what do they do

T_H - activation of adaptive immune response, T_C -cell death displaying antigen

what is MHC class I

on all nucleated cells, present antigens to T_c cells

what is MHC class II

on surface of b cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, present to T_H cells

how are T_C cell activated

bind to MHC I proteins, then clone, then release perforin to create pores and kill the cell

how do T_H cells contribute to both humoral and cellular immunity

bind to MHC II proteins, clone, release cytokines to stimulate other cells including T_C, NK, macrophages, b cells

what does the humoral immune system do

b cells make circulating antibodies to attack extra cellular bacteria and viruses

what does the immune system do

t cells are directed towards parasites, fungi, intracellular viruses, and foreign tissue, also use cytotoxic t cells

what is the commonality of the humoral and cellular immunity

helper t cell regulates both by stimulating b cells or t_c cells