Final Study Guide

What is speech science?

The study of normative speech production and speech perception.

What are the two major areas of speech science?

Speech production and speech perception.

What is mass?

The amount of matter contained in an object.

What units are used to measure mass?

Kilograms (kg) and grams (g).

What is force?

An influence that changes an object's speed, direction, or shape.

What unit measures force?

Newtons (N).

How many dynes are in one Newton?

100,000 dynes.

What is weight?

The force of gravity acting on an object.

How are mass and weight related?

Greater mass results in greater weight.

What is volume?

The amount of three-dimensional space occupied by matter.

What units measure volume?

Liters (L), milliliters (mL), or cubic centimeters (cc).

How many milliliters are in one liter?

1,000 mL.

How many cubic centimeters are in one liter?

1,000 cc.

What is density?

Mass per unit volume.

What is the formula for density?

Density = Mass ÷ Volume.

What is the density of water?

1.0 g/mL or 1000 kg/m³.

What is speed?

Distance traveled over time.

What is velocity?

Speed with direction.

What is acceleration?

A change in velocity over time.

Acceleration is directly proportional to what?

Force.

Acceleration is inversely proportional to what?

Mass.

State Newton's Second Law.

F = ma.

What is inertia?

Resistance to a change in motion.

What is Newton's First Law?

An object in motion remains in motion unless acted upon by an external force.

What is elasticity?

The ability of a material to return to its original shape.

What is stress?

The external force applied to an object.

What is deformation?

A change in an object's size or shape.

What is strain?

Relative deformation caused by stress.

What is stiffness?

The resistance of a material to displacement.

Greater stiffness requires what?

More force to produce displacement.

What is work?

Force applied over a distance.

What unit measures work?

Joules.

How many Newtons acting through one meter equal one Joule?

One Newton.

What is energy?

The ability to do work.

Name three forms of energy.

Chemical, electrical, and sound energy.

What is potential energy?

Stored energy.

What is power?

The rate at which work is done.

What unit measures power?

Watts.

One Watt equals what?

One Joule per second.

What is intensity?

Power per unit area.

What units measure intensity?

W/m² or W/cm².

What is pressure?

Force acting perpendicularly on a surface.

What unit measures pressure?

Pascals.

One Pascal equals what?

One Newton per square meter.

What causes sound?

Changes in air pressure.

Sound requires what type of medium?

A solid, liquid, or gas.

What is atmospheric pressure (Patmos)?

Pressure at sea level.

What is positive pressure?

Pressure greater than atmospheric pressure.

What is negative pressure?

Pressure less than atmospheric pressure.

Air moves from what to what?

High pressure to low pressure.

What is airflow also called?

Volume velocity.

Name three airflow units.

L/s, L/min, and mL/s.

State Boyle's Law.

Pressure and volume are inversely related when temperature remains constant.

Increasing volume causes what change in pressure?

Pressure decreases.

Decreasing volume causes what change in pressure?

Pressure increases.

Pressure and density have what relationship?

They are directly proportional.

What is ambient pressure?

The surrounding atmospheric pressure.

What is compression?

A region of increased air pressure.

What is rarefaction?

A region of decreased air pressure.

What is Hooke's Law?

Restoring force is proportional to displacement and acts in the opposite direction.

What is amplitude?

The maximum displacement from equilibrium.

What is damping?

A decrease in amplitude over time.

How do sound molecules travel?

They vibrate in place and transfer energy to neighboring molecules.

What type of wave is sound?

Longitudinal.

How do particles move in a longitudinal wave?

Back and forth parallel to wave travel.

What type of wave are water ripples?

Transverse.

What is simple harmonic motion?

Motion where restoring force is proportional to displacement.

Give two examples of simple harmonic motion.

A tuning fork and a spring-mass system.

What is frequency?

The number of cycles per second.

What unit measures frequency?

Hertz (Hz).

What is one cycle of a sound wave?

Compression, rarefaction, and return to baseline.

What is period?

The time required for one complete cycle.

State the relationship between frequency and period.

Frequency = 1/Period.

What is wavelength?

The distance covered during one cycle.

What determines the velocity of sound?

Density, elasticity, and temperature.

State the wave equation.

Velocity = Frequency × Wavelength.

Amplitude is perceived as what?

Loudness.

What does a waveform display?

Pressure changes over time.

On a waveform, what does the x-axis represent?

Time.

On a waveform, what does the y-axis represent?

Amplitude or pressure.

Above the waveform baseline represents what?

Compression.

Below the waveform baseline represents what?

Rarefaction.

What is a pure tone?

A sound containing one frequency.

What shape represents a pure tone?

A sinusoidal wave.

What is a complex sound?

A sound containing two or more frequencies.

What is the fundamental frequency (F0)?

The lowest frequency of a periodic sound.

What are harmonics?

Whole-number multiples of the fundamental frequency.

What does Fourier analysis do?

Breaks complex sounds into sine waves.

What is an aperiodic sound?

A sound with unrelated frequencies and no pitch.

Give two examples of aperiodic sounds.

A hiss and a hand clap.

What does a spectrum display?

Frequency versus amplitude.

A pure tone appears as what on a spectrum?

A single vertical line.

What is pitch?

The perception of frequency.

What frequencies can humans hear?

Approximately 20–20,000 Hz.

What frequencies are humans most sensitive to?

1,000–4,000 Hz.

What is loudness?

The perception of intensity.

What kind of scale is the decibel scale?

Logarithmic.

What is the reference pressure for dB SPL?

20 micropascals.

A 6 dB increase represents what?

A doubling of amplitude.

A 10 dB increase represents what?

A doubling of perceived loudness.