ap psychology unit 4

attribution theory

why behaviors happen

explanatory style

explain why those behaviors happen

attribution theory factors

dispositional and situational factors

dispositional factors

internal factors

relatively unchanging factors

situational factors

external factors

relatively temporary factors

fundamental attribution error

overestimating the effect of dispositional factors in an individual’s behavior

minimize the effect of situational factor

regardless of attribution or explanatory style

nothing changes about behavior itself

explanatory styles (2)

optimistic and pessimistic

optimistic explanatory style

external causes

relatively temporary causes

specific causes

pessimistic explanatory style

personal causes

permanent causes

pervasive causes

cognitive bias

influence the way we attribute our behaviors and thoughts

types of cognitive bias

availability and representative heuristic

confirmation bias

anchoring bias and belief perseverance

overconfidence

anchoring bias

locus of control

amount of control people perceive they have over events or conditions in their lives

internal locus of control

life events or conditions are the result of one’s own efforts and ability

one has control over what happens to them

external locus of control

life events or conditions result from things outside of one’s control

things happen and there’s not much that can be done about them

internal cultural influences

individualistic cultures may take credit for one’s achievemnt

external cultural influences

collectivistic cultures may encourage the sharing of credit for one’s achievement

internal non-ideal situations

self-blame when something does not go well

frustration with things truly beyond one’s control

external non-ideal situations

not accepting appropiate responsibility for failures

learned helplessness

mere exposure effect

being exposed to something frequently which leads to familiarilty and positive feelings

pygmalion effect

false belief about situations brings out new behavior and tries to make the false belief come true, even if false

social comparison

comparing onself with others for self-evaluation

→ better or worse about how they perceive others

stereotype

generalized belief about group, member of a group, or social category

mental short cuts in thinking that alleviate cognitive load

eventually develop into our schemas

what does stereotype lead to

prejudice

prejudice

stereotype leads to negative attitude in advance of having experience with person/group

discrimination

negative attitude

someone is hostile towards rejected group

what does prejudice lead to

discrimination

implicit attitude

occur with little or no conscious awareness

race and gender discrimination

just-world phenomenon

person sees world as a fair place

good people have good life

bad people have bad life

types of implicit attitudes

in group and out group bias

in-group bias

view of own group as having favorable attributes and likability

out-group bias

view other group as having unfavorable attributes and likability

ethnocentrism

view own ethnicity or social group as best compared to other groups

misunderstanding of other ethnicity and social groups customs and traditions

cognitive dissonance

two things in mind that are fundamentally at odds with each other, imbalanced state

discomfort and causes us to make change action or belief

social norms

expectations of how we should behave at time or place

social influence theory

vary behavior because we are going along with how others are acting

types of social influence

normative and informational social influence

solomon asch line experiment

crucial example of applying social influence theory

persuasive techniques

central route

peripheral route

halo effect

foot in the foor

door in the face

central route

change attitudes using facts, details, logic

peripheral route

change attitudes using peripheral cues (feel emotionally connected to product or behavior, how attractive it is)

halo effect

assume one positive aspect of a person suggests other aspects are positive

foot in the door

make smaller request that is agreed to, then return with larger second request

door in the face

make large request that is refused,then return with smaller request

conformity

adjusting of one’s opinions, judgements, or actions so that they are more consistent with others’ or the norms of a situation

normative social influence

go along because you care about them, don’t want them to think ill of you

informational social influence

go along because they know something that you don’t

factors that strengthen obedience

perceived legitimacy of authority

diffusion of responsibility

social norms

personality traits

groupthink

group members do not speak up with concerns about a decision when they care more about the group’s well being than their own interests

group polarization

one attends a group meeting, afterwards, attitudes are strengthened about issues from the meaning

deindividuation

individuals lose awareness or their sense of self-restraint when they are anonymous

ex. cancelling someone on social media

superordinate goals

goal of group becomes more important than other goals

group > individual

social traps

groups look to own interests ahead of an action that would benefit entire group

individual > group

altruism

selfless behavior

variables of altruism

situation and attentional

situational varibales

presence of others and our cost/benefit analysis applied to situation

attentional variables

whether we notice

bystander effect

less likely to help because we assume others will

diffusion of responsibility

effect presence of others has on our decision to help

types of attentional variables

bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility

types of situational variables

reciprocity norm

social responsibility norm

reciprocity norm

if we incur “social debt” from another, we are more likely to help them

reciprocate those who have helped us in the past

social responsibility norm

one should assist those in need when possible

industrial organizational psychology

study of workplace

industrial organizational psychology factors

best practices of management

relationships among workers

how people feel about work, burnout?

personality

thinking, feeling, acting that is persistent in life and influences behavior

psychoanalytic

conscious and unconscious mind

anxiety reducing defense mechanisms (8)

denial

displacement

projection

rationalization

reaction formation

regression

repression

sublimation

denial

refusing to believe a painful reality

displacement

shifting tension to a less threatening target

projection

attributing unacceptable impulses onto someone else → venting

rationalization

giving a logical reason to justify unacceptable behavior

reaction formation

unacceptable impulses are replaced with their opposites

bad personal life but still speak with kindness

regression

resorting to earlier stage of development

repressions

pushing unwanted memories into the unconscious

sublimation

aggressive drives are channeled into something acceptable

ID

unconscious mind, operates on pleasure principle, satisfy basic sexual and aggressive needs and drives

devil

ego

conscious mind, operates on reality principle, mediator of both

superego

both unconscious and unconscious, focuses on how we ought to behave

angel

abraham maslow

ask ourselves how we go about reaching our full potential

carl rogers

wants us to live up to ideal self and understand we are basically good

self-actualization

continue to grow into the person we want to become and reach full potential

unconditional positive regard

look for positve regard in trusted relationsihps

let our guard down and be true to oneself

two points of focus in humanistic theory

focus on growth to reach our full potential

social cognitive theory

much of what we learn nis through watching and intimidating others but also how we think of something

build upon each other for self-concept

parts of social cognitive theory

self-esteem

self-efficacy

self-concept

self-esteem

feelings of self worth

self-efficacy

belief in ability

self-concept

thoughts and feeling that answer who am i

reciprocal determinism

environment, cognition, and behavior affect personality

traits

enduring characteristic

gordon allport

personality can be described in less than 7 terms

what can personality be described by from gordon allport

cardinal, central, and secondary traits

hans eysenck

factor analysis to establish two pairs for traits

two pairs for traits

extrovert vs introvert

emotionality vs stability

big 5 personality traits

OCEAN

openness to experience

conscientiousness

extraversion

agreeableness

neuroticism

low and high of openness to experience

low: routine, analytical

high: variety, imaginative

low and high of conscientiousness

low: procrastinates, impulsive

high: disciplines, organized

low and high of extraversion

low: reserved, shy

high: social, outgoin