PPC Midterm

Mass media

Channels of communication that reach large, dispersed audiences, such as television, radio, newspapers, magazines, film, and the internet. Helps create and share popular culture by promoting trends, ideas, and entertainment.

Production of Cultural Content

TV shows, music videos, movies, and advertisements created for audiences.

Promotion and Hype Creation

Publicity around celebrities, trends, brands, and events through various platforms.

Cultural Unification

Shared cultural references across diverse groups, like viral TikTok trends or global blockbusters.

Creation of Celebrities and Icons

Transforms entertainers, athletes, influencers, and ordinary people into pop icons through constant exposure. Example: Maine Mendoza’s viral videos later boosted by TV and endorsements.

Branding

Building a public image or story that audiences follow and support. Example: Sarah Geronimo’s “Popstar Royalty” image shaped through media exposure.

Hollywood

Long influenced Philippine cinema. Example: Global superhero blockbusters inspired local studios to explore epic storytelling and advanced effects.

K-pop

Inspired the Philippine music industry to develop idol groups like SB19 and BINI that mirror Korean training and fan engagement.

Japanese anime

Popularized fantasy storytelling and distinct art styles, inspiring local artists and fueling dubbing, merchandising, and cosplay culture.

Thai media

Shaped Filipino youth trends, BL storytelling, and suspenseful drama styles. Examples: 2gether: The Series and Girl from Nowhere.

Television

Scheduled broadcasts, national programming, and legacy networks. Local examples: GMA Network, TV5, ABS-CBN. Global examples: ABC, Al Jazeera.

Radio

Audio-based media, important in rural areas. Local examples: Barangay LS 97.1, 90.7 Love Radio. Global examples: NPR, BBC Radio.

Print Media

Written and printed news, opinions, and magazines. Local examples: The Philippine Daily Inquirer, Pilipino Star Ngayon, YES! Magazine. Global examples: The New York Times, The Guardian.

Film

Storytelling via traditional and festival platforms that emphasize cinematic art and culture. Local examples: Metro Manila Film Festival, Cinemalaya. Global examples: Sundance Film Festival, Cannes Film Festival.

Cultural Studies Theory

Framework for analyzing media beyond surface meanings; explores how media shapes values, power, identities, and how audiences interpret them.

Media as an Ideological Tool

Spreads values and beliefs that maintain hierarchies. Example: Films glorifying wealth reinforce inequality and normalize patriarchy or capitalism.

Representation and Stereotypes

Shows how marginalized groups are portrayed and how portrayals affect real-world attitudes. Example: LGBTQ+ characters often stereotyped as comic or overly emotional.

Encoding/Decoding (Stuart Hall)

Producers encode messages, but audiences decode differently. Readings: dominant (accept fully), negotiated (partially accept/resist), oppositional (reject).

Media Ownership and Political Economy

Asks who controls stories and how ownership shapes culture. Example: Disney promotes consumerism and American culture worldwide.

Subcultures and Counter-Hegemony

Independent and alternative stories challenge mainstream narratives and uplift marginalized voices. Example: Filipino folklore films.

Globalization and Media Imperialism

Western influence on global culture. Example: Filipino teleseryes blending Hollywood styles with local culture.

Ang Probinsyano

Primetime action-drama analyzed using cultural studies; about Cardo Dalisay, a provincial police officer fighting crime and corruption.

Media as Ideological Tool (Ang Probinsyano)

Presents honest heroes and corrupt officials, shaping perceptions of justice and power.

Subcultures and Counter-Hegemony (Ang Probinsyano)

Challenges stereotypes about rural people by celebrating provincial identity and strength.

Encoding/Decoding (Ang Probinsyano)

Viewers interpret differently: some admire Cardo, others criticize glorification of violence.

Media Ownership and Political Economy (Ang Probinsyano)

Content shaped by producers—emphasizes social issues but avoids directly challenging elites.

Subcultures (Ang Probinsyano)

Provides voice to ordinary people and supports marginalized narratives.

Globalization and Media Imperialism (Ang Probinsyano)

Keeps Filipino culture visible and protected amid global influences.

Interpellation

Concept by Louis Althusser describing how media “calls out” to people, shaping how they see themselves and their roles. Example: Inspires viewers to act as brave, law-abiding citizens.

Representation Theory

Concept by Stuart Hall explaining that portrayals don’t just mirror reality but construct meaning. Example: Hero/villain portrayals shape perceptions of law and crime.

Philippine Peace Studies

Interdisciplinary field studying root causes of conflict to promote justice and sustainable peace. Emphasizes fair stories and peaceful solutions instead of glorifying violence.

Media as a Shaper of Social Values

Influences whether peace is promoted or violence normalized. Example: Action shows can make violence seem normal.

Conflict Transformation vs. Conflict Escalation

Promotes dialogue and justice over violent solutions, while news often highlights crime over community mediation.

Cultural Violence and Symbolism

Portrays poor as criminals and soldiers as heroes, reinforcing unfair stereotypes. Peace Studies encourages inclusive narratives.

Peace Journalism vs. Conflict Journalism

Two approaches: one covers causes and peace efforts, the other emphasizes violence and villains. Example: Protests shown as chaos without context.

Youth and Violence in Media

Frequent exposure to violent content desensitizes youth; critical thinking is encouraged. Example: Violent games consumed as entertainment.