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21 Terms

1

P-Value

The probability of obtaining the observed results, or more extreme results, if the null hypothesis is true.

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2

Central Limit Theorem

States that the sampling distribution of the sample mean will approximate a normal distribution if the sample size is sufficiently large, regardless of the population's shape.

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3

Type I Error

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true, denoted by α.

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4

Type II Error

Failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false, denoted by β.

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5

Mediation

A process in which an independent variable affects a dependent variable through one or more mediator variables.

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6

Moderation

Occurs when the relationship between two variables depends on a third variable, called the moderator.

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7

Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

A data reduction technique used to reduce many variables into a smaller set of components that explain most of the variation in the data.

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8

Descriptive Statistics

Statistics that summarize and analyze data using measures of central tendency and variability.

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9

Independent Variable

The variable that influences or predicts the dependent variable; it does not depend on other variables.

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10

Dependent Variable

The outcome that depends on the independent variable.

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11

Validity

Whether the measurement actually measures what it is supposed to measure.

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12

Reliability

Whether the measurement is free from errors or bias.

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13

Confidence Interval

A range of values that is likely to contain the true population parameter with a specified level of confidence.

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14

Null Hypothesis (H0)

The assumption that there is no effect or no relationship between variables.

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15

Alternative Hypothesis (H1)

The assumption that there is an effect or a relationship between variables.

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16

Standard Normal Distribution

A special type of normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.

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17

Z-score

The number of standard deviations a data point is from the mean of the dataset.

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18

Factor Analysis

A statistical method that explains variability among observed, correlated variables in terms of a smaller number of unobserved variables called factors.

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19

Degrees of Freedom

The number of values in a calculation that can vary after certain constraints are applied.

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20

ANOVA

A statistical method used to determine whether there are significant differences between the means of three or more groups.

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21

Odds Ratio

A measure of the change in the odds of the dependent variable being 1 when the independent variable increases by one unit.

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