unit 1 honors bio

where is a cell membrane found?

in eukaryotic & prokaryotic; plants & animals

what is the structure/location of a cell membrane?

located on the outside of the cell

what is the function of a cell membrane?

determines what goes in and out of the cell

where is the cytoplasm found in?

in eukaryotic & prokaryotic; plants & animals

what is the structure of cytoplasm?

jelly-like material found inside a cell membrane

what is the function of cytoplasm?

it supports and protects a cell's organelles

where is the nucleus found?

in eukaryotic ONLY; plants & animals

what is the structure of the nucleus?

has a nucleus membrane to allow materials in and out & CONTAINS GENETIC MATERIAL & nucleolus

what is the function of the nucleus?

directs cell activities

where is a ribosome found?

in eukaryotic & prokaryotic; plants & animals

what is the structure of the ribosome?

not bound by membrane, each cell has thousands of ribosomes found on ER and/or freely floating through cell

what is the function of the ribosome?

makes protien

where is the mitochondria found?

in eukaryotic ONLY; plants & animals

what is the structure of the mitochondria?

rod shaped and found throughout cell

what is the function of the mitochondria?

the powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP (energy)

where is chloroplast found?

in eukaryotic ONLY; plants ONLY

what is the structure of a chloroplast?

found in plant cells and contains chlorophyll which colors plants green

what is the function of the chloroplast?

photosynthesis; uses sunlight to make sugar for the plant

where is a golgi complex found?

in eukaryotic ONLY; plants & animals

what is the structure of the golgi complex?

made of 5-8 sacs

what is the function of the golgi complex?

processes and packages proteins & lipids; moves materials within the cell

where is the ER found?

in eukaryotic ONLY; plants & animals

what is the structure of the ER?

series of tubes and sacs

what is the ER without ribosomes called?

smooth ER

what is the ER with ribosomes called?

rough ER

what is the function of the ER?

transports proteins and breaks down drugs in the cell

where are lysosomes found?

in eukaryotic ONLY; plants & animals (mostly in animals)

what is the structure of the lysosomes?

vesicle built by the golgi complex/bodies

what is the function of the lysosomes?

digests excess or worn out organelles, food, and engulfs viruses

where is a vacuole found?

in eukaryotic ONLY; plants (big) & animals (small)

what is the structure of a vacuole?

large in plant cells, small in animal cells; contains water and nutrients

what is the function of the vacuole?

helps plants maintain shape, storage, digestion & waste removal

where is a cell wall found?

in prokaryotic & eukaryotic; plants ONLY

what is the structure of a cell wall?

rigid, surrounds cell membrane

what is the function of a cell wall?

supports and protects cells

what are organic compounds

components that make up all living things, made with CARBON so they are also called carbon life-forms

define macromolecules

large molecules

what is a monomer

a single unit

what is a polymer

multiple units

what is a good way to describe macromolecular structure?

most macromolecules are POLYmers built from MONOmers; a train: each box car is a monomer and the entire train is a polymer

what makes up a carbohydrate?

CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

what is a carbohydrate used for?

-to store & release energy, as well as be structural support and protection

-short term energy storage

what is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

monosaccharide (simple sugar molecule)

what is the polymer of a carbohydrate?

polysaccharide (starch like glycogen)

carbohydrates are found in…

-chitin of insect exoskeletons

-cellulose found in cell walls of plants

-fruit

-bread

what makes up a lipid?

CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

what is a lipid used for?

-to store long term energy and form important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings

what is the monomer of lipids?

fatty acids and glycerol

what is the polymer of lipids?

phospholipids (found in cell membrane) ex: triacyclglycerols

examples of lipids…

fats, waxes, oils, butter, steroids

lipids are found in…

fats and the cell membrane

what are proteins made of?

CHON maybe S (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur)

what is the monomer of protiens?

amino acids

what is the polymer of proteins?

polypeptide chain

examples of proteins are…

lactase, insulin

proteins are found in…

muscle fibers, antibodies of immune system, enzymes, ribosomes

what are nucleic acids made up of?

CHONP (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus)

what is the monomer of nucleic acids?

nucleotides

what is the polymer of nucleic acids?

DNA & RNA

examples of nucleic acids are…

DNA & RNA

nucleic acids are found in…

in the nucleus of all living things

what is a chemical reaction?

changes one set of chemicals into another

what is a reactant?

the elements or compounds that take part in a chemical reaction & are changed

what is a product?

the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction

what is the energy that needs to get a reaction started called?

activation energy

what are catalysts?

substances that lower a reaction's activation energy and speeds up the reaction rate of a chemical reaction

define enzymes

biological catalysts, and most enzymes are proteins

what is the role of enzymes?

to speed up chemical reactions within cells

what happens if the conditions change? (enzyme edition)

enzymes need specific pH levels and temperatures to function correctly, and if those are disturbed, the enzyme becomes DENATURED and stops working

where does a chemical reaction take place?

an active site which each enzyme has

what does the active site determine?

which substrate or reactant will "fit" or work with the enzyme

TRUE OR FALSE: enzymes are reuseable

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: each different enzyme acts only on specific substrates

TRUE

what is the first step in how enzymes work?

1. substrate binds to enzyme's active site

what is the second step in how enzymes work?

2. chemical reaction is jumpstarted

what is the third step in how enzymes work?

3. product is released