Anatomy and Speech Science - Respiratory Exam

Diaphragm (Primary Inhalation):dome-shaped floor of thoracic cavity and roof of abdominal viscera, singular, attaches to sternum, lower ribs (11&12), lumbar vertebrae, and ventral tendon. Contains three passageways. The function is to raise the thoracic cavity and compress the abdominal viscera.

1. aortic hiatus: aorta carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.

2. esophageal hiatus: esophagus carrying food to stomach.

3. foramen vena cava: vein returning to heart. Inferior vena cava.

Pectoralis major (Secondary Inhalation): attaches to humerus (upper arm), clavicle, sternum, and costal cartilage. Function is to raise ribs and sternum.

Pectoralis minor (Secondary Inhalation): attaches to scapula and ribs 2-5 and it raises some ribs.

External intercostals (Primary Inhalation): attaches between ribs, fills most space except anteriorly where tendon attaches. Function is to raise the rib cage.

Serratus anterior (Secondary Inhalation): serraded edge, surface of scapula and ribs 1-9, raises ribs.

Scaleni (Secondary Inhalation): cervical vertebrae, 1st and 2nd ribs. It can raise some ribs.

Sternocleidomastoid (Secondary Inhalation): attaches to mastoid, sternum, and clavicle. Raises ribs and sternum.

Subclavius (Secondary Inhalation): below clavicle, attaches to first rib. Raise first rib.

levatores costarum (Secondary Inhalation): 12 small muscles. 7th cervical - 11th, thoracic vertebrae, and rib below vertebral attachment. Raise rib cage (weak).

serratus posterior superior (Secondary Inhalation): 7th cervical to the first three thoracic vertebrae and upper ribs. Function: raise ribs (strong).

latissimus dorsi (exhalation): humerus, lumbar fascia, and ribs 10-12. Function raise lower ribs.

rectus abdominis (exhalation): (abs) fibers run vertical, enveloped in abdominal aponeurosis (layer of connective tissue). Attaches to pubic bone, sternum, and ribs 5-7 (cartilage). Function: pull sternum and ribs to compress the

External oblique (exhalation): (fibers angle downward) attaches to the ilium, lower ribs, and abdominal aponeurosis. Function: compress viscera and lower ribs.

internal oblique (exhalation): (fibers create rainbow shape) attaches to ilium, inguinal ligament (groin), abdominal aponeurosis, and lower ribs. Function: lower ribs and compress viscera.

transversus abdominis (exhalation): fibers side-to-side. Attaches too lower ribs, lumbar fascia, ilium inguinal ligament and abdominal aponeurosis. Function: compress viscera and lower ribs.

internal intercostals (exhalation): deep, attaches to upper and lower border of ribs, fills space between except posterior (back) portion. Function: lower the rib cage (increases alveolar pressure cuz ribs cover 75% of lung surface).

subcostals (exhalation): below ribs, attaches to ribs near vertebral column. Attaches to one rib or more higher, but varies in people. Functions: pull down ribs.

transversus thoracis (exhalation): attaches to lower sternum and ribs 2-6. Function pull ribs down.

serratus posterior inferior (exhalation): attaches to back of ribs, lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae, and lower ribs. Function: pull ribs down.

quadratus lumborum (exhaltion): quadrilateral, attaches to ilium and rib #12. Function: pull rib down.

lateral iliocostalis (exhalation): (cervicis, thoracis, and lumborum)

speech sound

acoustic product of speaking

acoustic

of or for hearing

levels of observation and measurement

1. neural

2. muscular

3. structural

4. aeromechanical

5. acoustic (sound)

6. perceptual

neural

convert thoughts into words and coordinated muscle movements

muscular

they produce mechanical pulls on structures related to speech and swallowing

structural

respiration, phonation, articulation

aeromechanical

structural movements result in air movement, air pressure changes needed for heard speech

acoustic

speech is sound that can be heard

perceptual

speech can be experienced by speaker and listener, auditory and visually

medial

close to the middle

lateral

away from middle

coronal

cut at crown of head, so their is a front and back half vertically

transverse

side-to-side, horizontal cut into upper and lower section

sagittal

vertical cut into right and left sides

anterior

towards the front

posterior

towards the back

ventral

abdomen away from back bone, view from front

dorsal

towards back bone

inferior

closer to the feet

superior

closer to the head

superficial

towards surface

deep

away from surface

proximal

next to or toward midline

distal

distant away from midline

respiratory system role

power source of speech

biological role of respiratory system

breathing for life

upper respiratory tract

consists of three cavities: oral, nasal, and pharyngeal cavities.

lower respiratory tract

consists of: larynx, trachea, bronchus (bronchi), bronchioles, and alveolar air sacks.

lungs

located in rib cage

thoracic

is the space within the rib cage

mediastinum

heart, blood vessels and esophagus

visceral pleura

around each lung - most inner lining

parietal pleura

inside lining of thoracic cavity - outer layer of membranes

surface tension (pleural linkage)

pleural space contains fluid and creates tension between 2 pleural membranes

negative intrapleural pressure (pleural linkage)

negative pressure between two membranes created by a “vacuum” type seal. Based on Magdeburg principle

Magdeburg principle

refers to link created between two structures when there is negative air pressure or vacuum created between them (suction cups).

plural space

potential/space between two membranes same as pleural cavity (filled with fluid)

pectoral girdle: contains clavicle and scapula

vertebral column

32 or 33 vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, fussed sacrum, and fused coccyx)

cervical vertebrae (7)

thoracic vertebrae (12)

lumbar vertebrae (5)

fused sacrum vertebrae (5)

fused coccyx

pelvic girdle

basic floor for abdominal viscera (ilium, ischium, and pubic bone)

ilium (groin)

Ischium (seat bones)

pubic bone (maturation)

transverse expansion

side-to-side

anteroposterior expansion

front-to-back

boyle’s law

volume and pressure of gases are inversely proportional

alveolar air pressure

pressure inside of lungs

Inhalation pressure changes

as size of thoracic cavity increases, volume increase, thus pressure decreases

Exhalation pressure changes

as size of thoracic cavity decrease, volume decreases, thus pressure increases

vital capacity (vc)

maximum useable volume of air that can be inhaled from rest and exhaled to end of breath

resting volume

amount of air exhaled from resting position. Air still remains in lungs at 40% of vc

tidal volume

amount of air inhaled or exhaled during respiration during resting

inspiratory reserve volume

amount of air that can be inhaled beyond any one tidal line

Expiratory reserve volume

amount of air that can be exhaled beyond any one tidal line

residual volume

amount of air left in lungs after max exhalation

elastic recoil

elastic recoil after stretched out system rebounds to natural shape

What happens during inhalation?

1. rib cage raised against gravity

2. viscera compressed by diaphragm

3. alveolar air sacs inflated against surface tension

What happens during exhalation (quiet breathing)?

1. gravity pulls rib cage down

2. alveolar air sacs recoil

3. abdominal viscera rebounds pushing diaphragm upward

relaxation pressure

alveolar pressure that results from passive forces of exhalation when muscles relax

vital capacity for quiet breathing

uses additional 10-15% of vc (or 50-55% vc)

vital capacity for conversational speech

uses additional 20-25% of vc (or 60-65% vc)

vital capacity for loud speech

uses additional 40%+ of vc (or 80%+ vc)

loudness

amount of cm h2o displaced in u-shaped water manometer at different speech loudness levels

loudness level for soft speech

3-6 cm h2o

loudness level for conversational speech

7-10 cm h2o

loudness level for loud speech

11-80 cm h2o

speech prosody

fluctuations in loudness within an utterance

pitch

high or low pitch due to stretched or contracted vocal folds

duration

holding a stressed syllable longer than the rest

How much area of the lung surface does the rib cage contract?

75%

How much area of the lung surface does the diaphragm contract?

25%

Duration of inhalation and exhalation for breathing for life:

40% inhalation and 60% exhalation

Duration of inhalation and exhalation for speech breathing

10% inhalation and 90% exhalation