Lab Values midterm study

What are the effects of elevated sodium (hypernatremia)?

• Increased thirst (primary)

• Neurological symptoms like confusion or seizures (secondary)

• Restlessness or irritability (tertiary)

• Muscle twitching or weakness (quaternary)

What are the effects of lowered sodium (hyponatremia)?

• Headache or confusion (primary)

• Seizures (secondary)

• Nausea or vomiting (tertiary)

• Muscle cramps or weakness (quaternary)

What are the effects of elevated potassium (hyperkalemia)?

• Cardiac arrhythmias (primary)

• Muscle weakness or paralysis (secondary)

• Nausea (tertiary)

• Fatigue or weakness (quaternary)

What are the effects of lowered potassium (hypokalemia)?

• Muscle cramps or weakness (primary)

• Cardiac arrhythmias (secondary)

• Fatigue or lethargy (tertiary)

• Constipation (quaternary)

What are the effects of elevated chloride (hyperchloremia)?

Dehydration symptoms (primary)

Metabolic acidosis (secondary)

Fatigue or weakness (tertiary)

What are the effects of lowered chloride (hypochloremia)?

Muscle twitching (primary)

Shallow breathing (secondary)

Confusion or irritability (tertiary)

What are the effects of elevated calcium (hypercalcemia)?

Confusion or altered mental status (primary)

Kidney stones (secondary)

Muscle weakness (tertiary)

Constipation (quaternary)

What are the effects of lowered calcium (hypocalcemia)?

Muscle spasms or tetany (primary)

Paresthesia (tingling) in hands or feet (secondary)

Seizures (tertiary)

Cardiac arrhythmias (quaternary)

What are the effects of elevated magnesium (hypermagnesemia)?

• Muscle weakness (primary)

• Decreased deep tendon reflexes (secondary)

• Hypotension (tertiary)

• Cardiac arrest (quaternary)

What are the effects of lowered magnesium (hypomagnesemia)?

• Muscle cramps or twitching (primary)

• Cardiac arrhythmias (secondary)

• Seizures (tertiary)

• Fatigue or weakness (quaternary)

What are the effects of elevated glucose (hyperglycemia)?

• Increased thirst (primary)

• Polyuria (excessive urination) (secondary)

• Fatigue (tertiary)

• Blurred vision (quaternary)

What are the effects of lowered glucose (hypoglycemia)?

• Confusion or altered mental status (primary)

• Sweating (secondary)

• Shakiness or tremors (tertiary)

• Seizures or unconsciousness (quaternary)

What does an elevated WBC count (leukocytosis) indicate?

• Infection

• Inflammation

• Stress

• Leukemia

• Tissue injury

What does a decreased WBC count (leukopenia) indicate?

• Bone marrow suppression

• Viral infections

• Autoimmune diseases

• Severe infections (e.g., sepsis)

What does an elevated RBC count (polycythemia) indicate?

• Dehydration

• Chronic hypoxia (e.g., COPD)

• High altitude

• Polycythemia vera

What does a decreased RBC count (anemia) indicate?

• Blood loss

• Iron deficiency

• Bone marrow disorders

• Chronic disease

What does an elevated hemoglobin (Hb) level indicate?

Dehydration

Living at high altitude

Polycythemia vera

What does a decreased hemoglobin (Hb) level indicate?

• Anemia

• Blood loss

• Nutritional deficiencies (iron, B12, folate)

• Chronic disease

What does an elevated hematocrit (Hct) indicate?

Dehydration

Polycythemia vera

Living at high altitude

What does a decreased hematocrit (Hct) indicate?

Anemia

Blood loss

Overhydration

What does an elevated platelet count (thrombocytosis) indicate?

• Inflammation

• Infection

• Iron deficiency anemia

• Essential thrombocythemia

What does a decreased platelet count (thrombocytopenia) indicate?

• Bone marrow disorders

• Immune thrombocytopenia

• Chemotherapy

• Infections

What does an elevated segmented neutrophil count indicate?

Bacterial infection

Stress response

Inflammatory conditions

What does a decreased segmented neutrophil count (neutropenia) indicate?

• Viral infections

• Severe bacterial infections

• Bone marrow suppression

• Chemotherapy

What does an elevated lymphocyte count (lymphocytosis) indicate?

Viral infections

Chronic infections

Lymphocytic leukemia

What does a decreased lymphocyte count (lymphopenia) indicate?

• HIV/AIDS

• Corticosteroid use

• Chemotherapy

• Severe infections

What does an elevated monocyte count (monocytosis) indicate?

Chronic inflammation

Tuberculosis

Certain types of leukemia

What does a decreased monocyte count indicate?

Bone marrow suppression

Acute infections

What does an elevated eosinophil count (eosinophilia) indicate?

Allergic reactions

Parasitic infections

Autoimmune diseases

What does a decreased eosinophil count indicate?

Stress response

Use of corticosteroids

What does an elevated basophil count (basophilia) indicate?

Allergic reactions

Chronic myelogenous leukemia

Hypothyroidism

What does a decreased basophil count indicate?

Stress

Acute allergic reactions

Hyperthyroidism

WBC count

4.5-11.5 x 10³/µL.

(RBC) count for males

4.60-6.00 x 10⁶/µL.

(RBC) count for females?

4.00-5.40 x 10⁶/µL.

hemoglobin levels for males

14.0-18.0 g/dL.

hemoglobin levels females?

12.0-15.0 g/dL.

Hct percentages for male

40-54%.

Hct percentages females?

35-49%.

What is the normal range for segmented neutrophils?

40-75%.

Eosinophils

0-6%

Basophils

0-1%

Lymphocytes

20%-45%

Monocytes

2%-10%

Platelet count

150,000-400,000/mm³

WBC > 16,000

Bacterial infection

Neutrophils Primary defense against _________________

Bacteria

Lymphocytes ⬆️ =

viral infection

Eosinophils ⬆️ =

allergic reactions

HB is ___ of HCT?

1/3

RBC is ___ of HB?

1/3

Sodium (Na+) Normal serum levels

135-145 mEq/L

Chloride (Cl¯) Normal serum levels

98-107 mEq/L

Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Normal serum levels

22 - 29 mmol/L

Calcium (Ca+²) Normal Serum levels

8.6 - 10.5 mmol/dL

Calcium (Ca+²) Normal ionized levels

2.25 - 10.5

Magnesium (Mg+²) Normal Serum levels

1.7 - 2.4 mg/dL

Phosphorus (PO₄¯) Normal serum range

2.7 - 4.5 mg/dL

Lactate Normal serum levels

less than 2 mmol/L

Sodium (Na+) normal range?

-Odd numbers in order

135-145 mEq/L

Potassium (K+) normal range?

- think there's 3-5 bananas in a bunch

- you want to buy them 1/2 off

3.5-5 mEq/L

BUN normal range

-think BUNion:

-digits per limb

5-20 mg/dl

Creatinine normal range

-think Creatinine

-nine is the middle

0.6-1.2 mg/dl

Glucose normal range

-think energy

-we lose energy after 70

70-100 mg/dl

Calcium normal range

-think milk

-a gallon weighs 8.5 lbs.

8.5-10.5 mg/dl

Ionized Calcium (Ca2+)

-think 5 to’s 8

2.22-2.28 mEq/L

Chloride normal range

- think chlorine in hot tub

-hot tub is 95 to 105 degrees

95-105 mEq/L

Bicarbonate normal range

- think Carbonation in soda

-soda comes in 12 pack x2

22-26

Magnesium normal value

-think Magnifying glass

-lets you see 1.5to2.5 bigger

1.5-2.5 mEq/L

Phosphorus normal value

-think prime life 25-45

2.5-4.5 mg/dL

Albumin

- think protein shake

-there are 3 to 5 ingredients in a shake

3.4-5.4 g/dl

Bilirubin

-Billy Rubin is less than

<1

WBC

- think Wanna Buy a Car

5000-10000/mcl

RBC normal range

4.5-5.5 million/mcL

Platelet count normal range

- think China plates cost hundreds

150k-400k/mcl

Hemoglobin (Hgb)

-think females mature earlier than males around what age?

(F) 12-16

(M) 14-18

Hematocrit (Hct%)

-think back to Hgb for F and M x3

(F) 36-48

(M) 42-54

INR (International Normalized Ratio.) normal value

-think I looks like 1

.8-1.1

PT (Prothrombin Time)

10-15 seconds

PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time)

30-40 seconds

ACT (Activated Clotting Time)

- think A Clot Takes

90-120seconds

Creatine Kinase

25-200 U/L

Troponin

0-0.4 ng/ml

Brain natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

<100 ng/l