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Photoreceptors
Cells in the retina that detect light.
Accommodation
Lens adjustment for focusing on varying distances.
Oculomotor Cues
Depth cues from eye muscle movements.
Disparity
Difference in retinal images from both eyes.
Neural Processing
Transformation of light into nerve impulses.
Bipolar Cells
Neurons connecting photoreceptors to ganglion cells.
Ganglion Cells
Cells that transmit visual information to the brain.
Depth Cues
Visual signals indicating distance between objects.
2D Images
Flat representations lacking depth information.
Retina
Light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye.
Visual System
Brain's mechanism for interpreting visual information.
Retinal Projection
How images are focused onto the retina.
Eye Muscles
Muscles controlling eye movement and focus.
3D Film
Movies creating depth perception through visual tricks.
Arms Length Distance
Range where oculomotor cues are effective.
Upside Down Image
Inverted visual representation on the retina.
Stereoscopic Depth Perception
3D perception created by binocular vision.
3D Glasses
Filters images for each eye to create depth.
They separate each image so that each eye receives only one perspective (stereoscopic vision).
Pictorial Cues
Visual cues providing depth information in images.
Movement-Based Cues
Depth cues derived from motion perception.
Top-Down Processing
Knowledge-based perceptual processing uses prior knowledge and expectations to inform our perception.
Frontal Eyes
Eyes positioned forward for better depth perception.
Lateral Eyes
Eyes positioned on sides, limiting depth perception.
Depth Perception in Animals
Animals use similar cues for depth as humans.
Shading Effects
Shadows inform about 3D shape properties.
Perspective Assumptions
Brain assumes light source is overhead.
Field of View
Extent of observable area from a position.
Predator Awareness
Lateral eye positioning enhances environmental awareness.
Image Superimposition
Overlaying images from two cameras for 3D effect.
Top Down Influences
Knowledge shapes perception of visual stimuli.
Concave Face Illusion
Inability to perceive concave due to face recognition.
Relative Size Cue
Smaller objects perceived as further away.
Relative Height Cue
Higher objects in view seem more distant.
Horizon Effect
Objects near horizon appear further away.
Atmospheric Perspective
Distant objects appear less sharp due to particles.
Depth Cues in Art
Shading creates 3D illusion in 2D images.
MDCS in Art
Artists use shading and texture for depth illusion.
Occlusion Cue
Obscured objects perceived as further away.
Convergence
Eyes turn inward for near object focus.
Visual Memory
Learned cues inform interpretation of surroundings.
Depth Perception
Ability to perceive distance and three-dimensionality.
Familiarity with Objects
Known sizes influence distance perception.
Cloud Height Example
Relative height affects perception of distance.
Motion Parallax
Nearby objects move faster than distant ones.
Retina Image Movement
Image displacement on retina indicates depth.
Familiarity Effect
Knowledge of object size influences perception.
Disparity in Motion
Different speeds of images indicate depth perception.
Visual Field
Area visible to the eyes at one time.
Perceived Size
Size interpretation based on depth cues.
Depth Interpretation
Understanding scene depth affects perceived sizes.
Sharpness Variation
Differences in clarity due to atmospheric conditions.
Thick Fog Impact
Fog reduces sharpness and depth perception.
Distance Influence
Distance alters perceived motion and size.
Scene Interpretation
Context affects how we perceive objects.
Image Travel Distance
Distance moved by image across retina indicates depth.
Stimulus Size
Physical dimensions of an object affecting visual angle.
Distance Effect
Distance influences perceived size of an object.
Perception of Depth
Understanding distance impacts size estimation.
Luminous Circles
Light circles used in size perception experiments.
Testing Circle
Circle presented at varying distances in experiments.
Comparison Circle
Circle used as a reference for size matching.
Visual Angle Consistency
Maintaining visual angle across different distances.
Size Estimation Accuracy
Precision in estimating actual size of objects.
Peephole Condition
Experiment condition limiting depth perception cues.
Arm's Length Thumb Test
Using thumb to gauge visual angles at distance.
Visual Angle of Thumb
Thumb at arm's length subtends about two degrees.
Depth Cues Removal
Eliminating cues reduces size estimation accuracy.
Distance and Size Perception
Distance affects how we perceive object size.
Constant Visual Angle
Visual angle remains unchanged despite object size.
Size of Image on Retina
Image size directly correlates with visual angle.
Perceived Size vs. Actual Size
Discrepancy between perceived and actual object dimensions.
Visual Angle
Angle formed by an object's size on the retina.
Size-Distance Scaling Equation
S = K (R X D) for perceived size.
S
Perceived size in size-distance scaling.
K
Constant in size-distance scaling equation.
R
Retinal image size in size-distance scaling.
D
Perceived distance in size-distance scaling.
Apparent-Distance Theory
Explains moon illusion via perceived distance differences.
Müller-Lyer Illusion
Misperception of size due to line fin orientations.
Misapplied Constancy Scaling
Size constancy misapplied to 2D objects causes errors.
Binocular Disparity
Difference in images from both eyes aiding depth perception.
Stereopsis
the perception of depth produced by the reception in the brain of visual stimuli from both eyes in combination; binocular vision.
Occlusion
Object blocking another indicates depth.
Relative Size
Size perception based on surrounding objects.
Relative Height
Height perception based on object's position in space.
What are binocular cues?
Binocular cues are depth cues that depend on information received from both eyes.
What is convergence in the context of binocular cues?
Convergence is the movement of eye muscles that allows both eyes to move in opposite directions, which can be considered a binocular depth cue.
How do our eyes perceive depth when objects are closer than arm's length?
When objects are closer than arm's length, the opposing angle of each eye specifies depth.
Why is movement of lens and eye muscles not considered a binocular depth cue with one eye?
With one eye, the movement of the lens and eye muscles would be the same, so it does not provide binocular depth information.
How far apart are adult human eyes typically positioned?
Adult human eyes are usually positioned about 6 cm apart.
What is disparity in the context of binocular vision?
Disparity is the difference between the position of the images on the retina of each eye.
How does disparity help us interpret depth?
Disparity allows us to interpret depth by providing different perspectives from each eye.
What happens to the images of fingers when viewed through the left eye?
In the left eye, the image of the fingers is aligned, with the right finger occluding the left finger at the bottom of the retina.
What happens to the images of fingers when viewed through the right eye?
In the right eye, the image is displaced laterally, meaning both fingers are visible.
What is stereoscopic vision?
The perception of depth that results from binocular disparity where each eye receives a slightly different image.
What is required for stereoscopic vision?
Information coming into both of our eyes.
How do 3D films create a perception of depth?
By utilizing binocular disparity with cameras placed side by side.
What do the two cameras in 3D film capture?
Slightly different perspectives of the world.
How are the two recordings from 3D cameras presented?
They are superimposed so that both perspectives are shown at the same time.
What effect does stereoscopic vision create?
It creates the illusion of depth, making images appear to jump out.
