CHAPTER TWO: NEUROSCIENCE BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR

flashcards made by me from the notes from class!

franz jospeh gall

• phrenology

  • feeling your skull and feeling it for abnormalities

  • the abnormalities will correlate for abnormalities in behavior/personality

  • he was the taylor swift of his day, went all across thew world, had phrenology parties; and people believed this

plerke flourens - 1825

• hired to discredit gall

• surgical ablation

  • destroyed parts of the brain

  • opened up skull with heat/poison and kills of small areas

  • “if i get rid of this, what changes?

for his second experiment he

• he took off pieces of the skull and there were no changes in behavior

• so he discredits gall and caused this massive decline of phrenology

• he is the first person to denote that the brain possibly has kind of different locations that correlate to different behaviors - known as localization of functions

• 1st person to denote brain has different locations that correlate to certain behaviors

camillo golgi 1843-1926

• golgi stain- ability to look at cytoarchitecture of cell (cell structure)

  • look at cell structure → see physical attributes (neurons)

• reticular theory (going to be incorrect)

  • comes up with theory explaining “how does the brain work’?

  • says the entire brain is a massive tissue

  • all neurons from tissue produce all behavior (brain as a whole)

  • he says that info between the individual neurons at this brain tissue, they can face what communicates back and forth - (that it has no direction)

santiago ramon y cajal (1852-1934)

• polar- says that the brain goes in one direction

• neural doctrine

  • brain does not work as total tissue for every behavior

  • said neurons are polar

• uses Golgi’s stain for his work

• he is basically dissecting tissue, looking at cells and their architecture

• has prints of all different types of neurons (we see that they don’t all look the same)

• he said neurons did all the work

korbinian brodman (early 1900s)

• finishes work on cajal

• cytoarchitecture- maps out the enture brain

• he created a map we still use today (he did this at 16)

• brodman numbers- associated with different neurons

• if you do research you know which numbers correlate to what you are researching or studying

paul broca (1861) and Carol Wernicke (1879)

• intro to type of methodology way we do research

• neuropsychology → basically created by these two

• they are actually physicians

• they were doing case studies and each had a patient who had a stroke and they were observing their patients. they noticed both patients having issues with language but they were having different issues with language. one could not get words out and one could not get sound out. they took notes on them and when they died they look and their brain. which is basically neuropsychology

  • Following the patient's death, Broca performed a brain autopsy and discovered a localized lesion in the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus (now known as Broca's area).

  • Autopsies revealed damage to the posterior section of the left superior temporal gyrus (now known as Wernicke's area).

neuropsychology

• brain damage (strokes, brain injury, etc)

• documenting change in behavior based on brain damage

• issues

  • you have to wait for it to occur (we can’t do traumatic brain injury on someone)

  • it is never perfect (damage can go across different brain areas)

david hubel and torsten wiesel (1959)

• mapped out visual cortex of the brain

• single cell recording

  • they mapped out the entire visual fortress of the brain

  • what do cells respond to? what type of stimuli do cells respond to?

  • they created a technique → putting electrode into a cell

    • stick electrode right into a single neuron

    • you can present to that animal a stimulant and see what does that neuron code for

  • maybe that cell codes for a point of light so if you shine a point of light you see if that cell responds…. but it wasn’t working and they cannot get that cell to respond

  • they figure out that the brain fires and reacts at lines of light

    • so basically the simplest cell respond to a point of light, then the next complex cell is going to report to a line of light, and the most complex cells are going to be activated to intersections of lines

• you can only do single cell recording on animals

seiji ogawa (1990)

• functional mri = Fmri

  • allows you to see what parts of the brain are being activated to different stimuli

  • allows us to not only single neurons but groups of neurons

  • because of the Fmri researchers started to map out the location of the brain and basically what it responds to

    • through 2 researchers we find out about the “face” area of the brain because that group of cells becomes activated to faces

  • another part is known for places

    • the problem with the idea of localization- these one areas are not activated by just one thing