Teas 7

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Consists of the extensive network of spinal nerves carrying sensory or afferent information towards the spinal cord and brain and motor or efferent information away from the brain and spinal cord.

afferent fibers

transmit impulses from organs to CNS

efferent fibers

transmit impulses to organs from CNS

somatic nervous system

voluntary control of skeletal muscles

ex: chewing food

autonomic (visceral) nervous system

involuntarily controls the visceral muscles of organ systems like the digestive and cardiovascular systems. Controls the contraction and relaxation of visceral reflexes.

ex: digestion, heartbeat

sensory neurons

gathers information and carries it to the CNS. The senses gather the information that the sensory nervous system transmits

motor nerves

carry impulses away from the CNS to the effectors

ventricles (brain)

canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

cerebrospinal fluid

Fluid in the space between the meninges that acts as a shock absorber that protects the central nervous system.

cerebellum

part of brain found at the very bottom (near neck) of the skull and coordinates body movements, posture, and balance

brainstem

found between the thalamus and the spinal cord. Lowest part of the brain. Supports unconscious functions like breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.

cerebrum

Largest part of the brain; responsible for interpreting touch, speech, reasoning, and emotions

cerebral cortex

grey matter that surrounds the entire cerebrum

gyri

ridges

sulci

shallow grooves

fissures

deep grooves in the brain

frontal lobe

processes high level cognitive skills, reasoning, concentration, motor skills, language.

parietal lobe

integration site for visual perception and sensory information such as touch, pain, and pressure

temporal lobe

Part of brain that controls hearing

occipital lobe

interprets visual information

limbic system

controls emotions and memory

Hypothalamus

plays role in regulating the autonomic nervous system. Primarily concerned with homeostasis and regulates activities such as hunger, anger and pain

amygdala

this produces feelings such as anger, violence, fear, anxiety

thalumus

sensory inputs come throught. Smell

hippocampus

helps convert short term memory to long term memory

Largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm

neuron cell body is

axon

the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands

myelin sheath

insulates the axon of some neurons and helps speed up neural impulses

epithelial tissue

A body tissue that covers the body surfaces, lines body cavities, and serves as a protective barrier

connective tissue

Connects other tissues to each other and serves to bind and support body parts

Muscle tissue

Moves the body and its contents by contraction

Nervous tissue

Receives stimuli from the internal or external environment and communicates through electrical impulses with the rest of the body

Sagittal plane (aka median)

Lateral (left) or medial (right) division

frontal plane (aka coronal plane)

Posterior (back) anterior (front) division

Transverse plane (aka cross-sectional)

Superior (upper body) inferior (lower body) division

superior/inferior

towards the head; higher than/ towards the feet; lower than

anterior/posterior

toward the front and back of the body

distal/proximal

away from the point of reference (usually main part of body)/near the point of reference

ex. fingers are distal to wrist bc wrist is closer to main body

cephalic

head

cervial

neck

Antebrachial

forearm

Pollex

thumb

crural

shin

tarsal

ankle

hallux

big toe

coxa

hip

Otic

ear

mental

chin

Occipital

base of skull

Acromial

shoulder

olecranal

back of elbow

sural

calf

cardiovascular system

closed system responsible for the movement of blood and lymph around the body, which permits nutrient distribution, waste removal, communication, and protection. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, blood, and lymphatic system

lymphatic system

open system where lymph that bathes the interstitial spaces b/t cells and circulates through lymph vessels

atria (heart)

superior chambers; receive blood from outside heart

ventricles (heart)

inferior chamber; pump blood

pulmonary system

right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood from the heart towards the lungs

systemic system

left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs pumps it toward the rest of the body

arteries

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart. These vessels are muscular to withstand the force of a heartbeat and so feel pressure on their walls. Larger arteries branch into smaller arterioles, which connect to a bed of capillaries.

Capillaries

Small vessels that connect arterioles to venules and carry out gas exchange

veins

carry blood from body parts toward the heart. connected to capillary beds via smaller branches called venules. Both have thinner walls b/c they're farther away from the force of the heartbeat and so feel less pressure on their walls. Have one-way valves to prevent blood from flowing back into the system.

plasma

yellow liquid that contains water, immune proteins, and other nutrients.

blood

composed of plasma and formed elements, such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Leukocytes

white blood cells; defense against disease and function in immunity response

hemoglobin

protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from lungs to cells and helps return CO2 from the cells back to lungs

Platlets

responsible for clotting

lymphatic vessels

linked to lymph nodes and lymphatic capillaries. vein-like.

lymph fluid

Clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease. filtered through hundreds of lymph nodes distributed throughout bodies.

lymphatic capillaries

entwined with cardiovascular capillaries and absorb excess tissue fluid and blood plasma that leaks from capillaries

lymph nodes

concentrated in neck, armpit, and groin and contain lymphocytes

Lymphocytes

Makes antibodies that target pathogens in lymph fluid so that other cells can destroy them

cardiac cycle

A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles.

impulse within the sinoatrial (SA, pacemaker) node -> right and left atria causing them to contract and force blood into ventricles->impulse reaches atrioventricular (AV) node->travels through to the ventricles' walls causing them to contract->diastole (rest phase)

Systole

contraction of atria followed by ventricles

diastole

rest phase of the heartbeat

flow of blood from the body through the heart

pulmonary system receives deoxygenated blood into the right atrium from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava-> contraction of right atrium pumps blood through right AV valve into right ventricle-> contraction of right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary artery through pulmonary semilunar valve-> lungs-> oxygenated blood through pulmonary veins into left atrium-> systemic system carries blood when left atrium contracts forcing blood through left AV into left ventricle-> contraction of left ventricle pumps blood through aortic semilunar valve-> body

Hypertension (high blood pressure)

can cause rupture of the smaller arterioles and capillaries possibly leading to a stroke

Atherosclerosis

buildup of plaque in blood vessels that reduces the flow of blood through the vessel.

embolus

A piece of plaque breaks off and travels through smaller vessels causing a blockage.

stroke

normal blood flow to the brain is stopped either by a blockage or by a rupture of a blood vessel, causing death of brain tissue.

heart attack (myocardial infarction)

damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage

neuron

A specialized cell that conducts electrical impulses through the nervous system. Composed of cell body and nerve fibers that extend from the body

visceral

internal organs

Dendrites

nerve fibers that are receptor extensions that receive nerve impulses

Flow of nervous system

A stimulus is picked up at the dendrites-> cell body -> down the axon-> terminal branches-> release of chemical neurotransmitters into synapse-> picked up by the next cell-> continuation or inhibition of impulse-> sensory neurons carry afferent impulses towards CNS, and motor neurons carry efferent impulses from CNS to muscles-> efferent impulse stimulates a muscle contraction

synapse

the structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands

muscles

fibrous tissues that have the ability to shorten or contract to move body parts and then relax to their original length. Consists of bundles of muscle fibers/cells that contain many myofibrils.

myofibrils

Have 2 types of contractile protein filaments: thinner actin and thicker myosin. These contractile protein filaments are arranged in overlapping bands.

Sarcomere

repeating contractile unit of a skeletal muscle and is delineated by these bands of myosin and actin filaments

contraction

Thin actin filaments slide past the thicker myosin filaments causing the sarcomere unit to shorten/contract. The actin and myosin filaments don't shorten themselves but shorten the length of the sarcomere by sliding past one another. ATP is used to cause the contraction and is also necessary for the relaxation of the muscle.

relaxation

when a muscle returns to its original form

muscle strain

A stretching or tearing of a muscle

muscle sprain

injury to the accompanying support ligaments and tendons of a muscle

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (Lou Gehrig's Disease)

neuromuscular junction is compromised. Motor neurons degenerate and die leading to loss of voluntary muscle movement.

Musclur Dystrophy

group of genetic disorders in which abnormal genes interfere with the production of proteins needed to form healthy muscles. Both voluntary and involuntary muscles are compromised.

Severe transecting spinal cord injuries

affect communication between the brain and peripheral nerves and are significant not only to the voluntary skeletal muscles that are affected in the somatic system but also muscles of autonomic system and their visceral reflexes

integumentary system

an organ system comprised of skin and its associated organs such as glands, hair, and nails. Protects the body, regulate temperature, and perform other vital functions

skin

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

epidermis

Outer layer of skin that consists of keratinized stratified (layered) squamous (scaly) epithelial tissue. Cells migrate from the deeper region to the exterior surface of the epidermis as they age. During this time, they become more flattened, slough off, and replaced by younger cells.

hair follicle

tubes from which hair grown

Dermis (cutaneous layer)

middle layer of skin that is connective tissue which contains capillaries, small blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, and nails.