Exam 2 Study Guide

Prokaryotic cells

Single Cellular, No Nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, Domain: Archaea Bacteria

Eukaryotic Cells

contain membrane bound organelles and nucleus, Domain: Eukarya (animals,plants,fungi)

Prokaryotic cells

0.1-10mm

Eukaryotic Cells

10mm-100mm

Smooth ER

lacks ribosomes, Phospholipids, steroids

Rough ER

mostly involved in the production of secretory proteins

Golgi Body functions

Polysaccharides, stores some proteins, protein modification, create

lysosomes

contains enzymes that can digest all 4 classes of bio macromolecules

cytoskeleton

a mesh of proteins that runs throughout the cell

Microtubules (Cytoskeleton)

25nm, composed of protein called tubulin,

Microfilaments (Cytoskeleton)

smallest 7nm, composed of protein called actin

microtubules functions

support of the cell, create tracks for some organelles to move on, create opindal fibers that separate chromosomes during cell division

intermediate filaments (Cytoskeleton)

8-12nm composed of protein called keratin

microfilament functions

support of the cell, involved in muscle contraction for animals, involved in cytoplasmic streaming (or cyclosis) in plant cells

intermediate filaments functions

support of the cell, fix some organelles in place

Plant cells divide

from inside out

Animal cells divide

from outside in

All biological membranes are

selectively preamble, they allow some substances to cross while preventing others

The Phospholipid bilayer is associated with

Proteins, some carbohydrates (outside of the membrane)

H Dawson and Danieli created the

Sandwich model for the Phospholipid bilayer

S Singer and G Nicolson created the

Fluid mosaic model for the Phospholipid Bilayer

Why is the fluid Mosaic model the correct model?

requires less proteins which is dispersed throughout the phospholipid matrix

Intergal Proteins

Membrane protein, embedded partially or completely within the phospholipid matrix

peripheral proteins

membrane protein, not embedded in the phospholipid matrix, but attached to the surface

The outer surface of the cell membrane are

oligosaccharides

Oligosaccharides

sugar chains of (15 sugars), attached to proteins on outer surface of membrane, called glycoproteins

Phospholipid matrix

allows small nonpolar molecules to squeeze between the phospholipids

Specialized trans-membrane transport proteins

specific for the molecules they will transport across the membrane

diffusion

tendency of a substance to spontaneously spread out based on its own K.E until it occupies all available space and reaches equilibrium

Osmosis

Specific case of H20 diffusion across a membrane, happens when a substance cannot flow down its concentration gradient, H20 forms in the opposite direction

Plasmolysis

when water exists cell membrane will deattatch from the cell wall

facilitated diffusion

Passive process, but the cell must provide transmembrane transport proteins

Transport proteins are similar to enzymes in 3 ways

both are specific in their substance, make specific binding or activation for their substance, both can be fooled by chemical mimics

enzymes

speed up reactions

In passive transport diffusion

goes with concentration gradient

in passive transport osmosis

goes against concentration gradient

in passive transport facilitated diffusion

goes with concentration gradient

active transport

process in which a cell utilizes specialized transmembrane transport proteins called electrogenic pumps that spend energy to pump a substance against its concentration gradient

Animal cells use the major electrogenic pump called

Na|K pump

In animal cells the phospholipid bilayer shoots

3 NA outside the cell and 2 K inside the cell

The action of the pump

produces an unequal separation of ions across the membrane, this produces a small electrical potential

In Plants and fungi the electrogenic pump is called the

H pump

The H pump

transports protons but nothing back in

Isotonic solution

volume=same

hypertonic solution

volume=decrease

hypotonic solution

volume=increase

who proposed endosymbiosis

lyn margis

mitochondria have a

double membrane

Theory that states that mitochondria were once free living organisms

Endosymbiotic

increases surface area in mitochondria

cristate

which type of glycosidic linkage produces cellulose

beta 1-4 linkage

what is the streaming of cytoplasm within a cell

cyclosis