GenChem 1st MT

atoms

fundamental unit of matter, smallest particle

molecules

composed of atoms

ions

particles with charges

SOLID

- The molecules that make

up a solid re arranged in

regular, repeating

patterns.

-They are held firmly in

place but can vibrate

within a limited area.

LIQUID

-The molecules that make up

a liquid flow easily around

one another. They are kept

from flying apart by

attractive forces between

them.

-They assume the shape of

their containers.

GAS

-The molecules that make

up a gas fly in all

directions at great speeds.

-They are so far apart that

the attractive forces

between them are

insignificant.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

ACCDG TO CHANGE INVOLVED DURING MEASUREMENT OF THE PROPERTY

no change in composition takes place during the determination or

measurement of these properties

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

ACCDG TO CHANGE INVOLVED DURING MEASUREMENT OF THE PROPERTY

a change in composition occurs during the determination or measurement

of these properties.

EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES

ACCDG TO DEPENDENCE ON AMOUNT OF MATTER

change their value when the amount of matter or substance is changed

INTENSIVE PROPERTIES

ACCDG TO DEPENDENCE ON AMOUNT OF MATTER

do not change their value when the amount of matter is changed

PURE SUBSTANCES

TYPES OF MATTER

composed of only one component

MIXTURES

TYPES OF MATTER

Composed of several components

ELEMENTS

TYPES OF P.S.

pure substances that are made up of only one kind of atoms. Possible examples: iron;

gold; mercury

COMPOUNDS

TYPES OF P.S.

pure substances made up of two or more kinds of atoms. Possible examples: salt; sugar;

water

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE

is a combination of two or more substances that cannot be distinguished

from each other. It has a uniform composition and exhibits the same properties in different parts of the

mixture.

EVAPORATION

is done by heating the solution to dry up the solvent and crystallized the

substance of interest. HOMO SOLID-LIQUID

Recrystallization

is a separation technique based on the difference in solubilities of

substances in an appropriate solvent at an elevated temperature. HOMO SOLID-LIQUID

Distillation

is a separation technique based on the difference of boiling points between two

liquid components. HOMO LIQUID-LIQUID

Simple distillation

is used when there is a large difference in the boiling points of the components of the

solution.

Fractional distillation

is used when there is a relatively small difference in the boiling points of the

components of the solution.

Vacuum distillation

is used for compounds with very high boiling points.

Steam distillation

is used for compounds that are heat-sensitive.

Chromatography

is a separation technique that relies on the differential partition of the components between its two components.

● The separation is determined by the two competing processes: the adsorption onto the stationary phase and the solubility in the mobile phase.

● Solutes that have high solubility in the mobile phase will go along with the mobile phase as it travels on the stationary phase.

normal-phase chromatography

the mobile phase is nonpolar and the stationary phase is polar.

reversed-phase chromatography

the mobile phase is polar and the stationary phase is nonpolar.

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE

is a combination of two or more substances that can be distinguished

from each other. It has a nonuniform composition and its properties vary in different parts of the mixture.

suspension

heterogeneous mixture whose solutes do not completely dissolve and its

particles settle into clumps or layers when left undisturbed. FLOUR-WATER, MUD-WATER, SAND-WATER, LEMONADE, DUST AND FOG, MILK OF MAGNESIA, CHALK-WATER

colloid

heterogeneous mixture whose solute-like particles are dispersed in a medium. PERFUME, CIGARETTE, INK, MILK, GELATIN, STYROFOAM, COLORED GLASS, CONDIMENTS

SOLUTION

homogeneous mixture where 2 substances are dissolved togther

Manual picking

HETERO SOLID-SOLID using your hands or tongs can be done in separating the components of

these kinds of mixtures.

Sieving

HETERO SOLID-SOLID exploits differences in particle size

magnetic separation or magnets

HETERO SOLID-SOLID can be used to attract materials

Filtration

HETERO SOLID-LIQUID is a process of separating solids from liquids by allowing the mixture to pass through

a filtering material.

residue

solid leftover from filtration

filtrate

liquid leftover from filtration

Sedimentation

HETERO SOLID-LIQUID Is the process in which suspended

solids will eventually separate from liquids by gravity.

Decantation

HETERO SOLID-LIQUID the removal of the liquid component from the solid sediment by pouring the liquid out of the container gently to avoid the solid particles to suspend again.

Centrifugation

is a process in which the suspension is rotated at very high speeds, allowing the components to separate into layers based on their densities or particle size.

ISOTOPES

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but different

numbers of neutrons. NATURALLY OCCURRING

SAME SA BABA AKA ATOMIC NUMBER AKA PROTONS

Radioisotopes

Artificial Isotopes, can be produced from heavier elements. These isotopes are highly unstable such that when they decay, they release enormous amounts of radioactivity which can be harnessed to power up large scale processes in nuclear reactors.

iodine-113

thyroid disease treatment

Isotones

are elements that have the same number of neutrons. MASS NUMBER - ATOMIC NUMBER

SAME NEUTRONS, SUBTRACT ACCORDINGLY, DOES NOT HAVE TO BE SAME ELEMENT

Isobars

are elements that have the same mass number but different atomic numbers.

SAME MASS NUMBERS, SAME SA TAAS, DOES NOT HAVE TO BE THE SAME ELEMENT

Molecular Formula

most common way to represent molecules, symbols of each element are written down with a subscript indicating how many atoms are in

the compound

Empirical Formula

● gives the simplest whole-number ratio of each element in a compound

Structural Formula

used for more complex molecules such as organic compounds

inorganic compounds

lack carbon bonds

complete structural formula

all bonds and atoms are shown

condensed structural formula

atoms connected to a specific carbon are represented like molecular formula

skeletal or line angle formula

hydrogens attached to each carbon will not be drawn: implicit hydrogens

cation

is formed when an atom loses one or more electrons resulting in a net positive

charge.

anion

is formed when an atom gains one or more electrons resulting in a net negative

charge.

Ionic Compounds

compounds that are made of cations and anions

assembled together in a crystal lattice

The bond that holds these ions together in the lattice is called the ionic bond.

Ionic bonds are formed when there is an electron

transfer between two or more atoms.

Binary compounds

are compounds that contain only two types of elements.

Covalent compounds

two or more nonmetals that are chemically bonded together.