Gram Negative Respiratory Pathogens

what are the 3 main respiratory pathogens?

Neisseria meningitidis

Haemophilus influenzae

bordetella pertussis

Genus Neisseria location of pathogenesis, morphology; they inhabit _____ surfaces. Their oxygen requirements classify them as _____ _____. They are catalase _____

two main pathogenic species of the neisseria group

N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae

____ ____ is closely related to Neisseria and is normal flora of the _____. it is now a common cause of ___ ____ in children

Moraxella catarrhalis; URT; otitis media

The ___ ___ of neisseria is important in transmission, as this state is asymptomatic. N. gonorrhea can be asymptomatic more often in women

carrier state

in what population(s) is N. meningitidis most common and what are some reasons for its resilience?

6-24 months, college students, military recruits

- decreased general resistance

- exposure to new capsule serotypes

- increased transmission of secretions

N. meningitidis mode of transmission

large respiratory droplets at close range

how does N. gonorrhea spread? where does it attach? does it remain localized? Symptoms? what condition does it lead to in women?

what makes vaccines hard for N. gonorrhea? To what kinds of drugs has resistance been seen?

variable LPS/LOS; B-lactams and tetracyclines

Describe the process of meningococcemia following N. meningitidis infection

N. meningitidis can spread to the meninges via the ____ _____. it can lead to permanent ___ ___, including ____ _____, ___ ____, and ___ ____

choroid plexus; neurological damage; neuromotor disabilities, seizure disorders, learning difficulties

N. meningitidis cell envelope has a variant ____ with LPS (____) - __________, and no ___-____. It also has a ____ endotoxin

visualize the structural difference between LPS and LOS

what major virulence factor of N. meningitidis is used for vaccine?

polysaccharide capsule

_____ are a very distinctive feature on a Gram negative coccus

pili (fimbriae)

N. meningitidis has NO ___-toxins.

exo

exo-ENZYME of N. meningitidis

IgA1 protease - protects against IgA1 on the mucosal surface and aids in colonization

how is the susceptibility of N. meningitidis to antibiotics?

good

Summarize the 2 N. meningitidis vaccines

Old ACY/W vaccine - purified capsule polysaccharide, works well in adults, still recommended for persons over 55

New ACY/W Conjugate vaccine - capsule polysaccharide conjugated to protein (to diptheria toxoid)

The US now sees mostly type ____ capsule strains, where there is now a recently available vaccine

B

4 components of the 4CMenB vaccine

It turns out all Gram negative bacteria release "____", or ___ ___ _____. These are being considered in what ways?

Describe the morphology and location of Haemophilus sp.

Describe the transmission of H. influenzae

2 common invasive infections caused by H. influenzae

Virulence factors of H. influenzae

H. influenzae does not produce _____, but it does produce the exo-enzyme _____

exo-toxins; IgA protease

Describe the H. influenzae vaccine

What are the "Triplets" and what diseases can they all cause?

Describe the morphology of Bordetella

small gram-negative coccobacilli

Describe the habitat of B. pertussis

Nasopharynx of humans only in disease

No carrier state, some asymptomatic infections

NOT normal flora

What population is most susceptible to B. pertussis and why

newborns; they lack the maternal Ab

Describe the route of clinical disease of B. pertussis

Describe the paroxysmal stage of B. pertussis

Describe the virulence factors of B. Pertussis

what are the 3 secreted extracellular toxins of B. pertussis

Pertussis toxin

adenylate cyclase toxin

tracheal cytotoxin

Describe pertussis toxin

inhibits monocyte and neutrophil activation and killin

MAJOR COMPONENT of the acellular vaccine

Describe the tracheal cytotoxin

- peptidoglycan monomer

- inhibits ciliated epithelial cells

- triggers inflammation

what vaccine includes immunity to B. pertussis

DTaP; specifically the aP portion - acellular pertussis