JPT HOA 1 Egyptian architecture

From 5000 B. C. to 1st Century A. D.

Egyptian Architecture

1. The Land of Pharaoh

2. Desert Land

Egypt is also known as

Nile River

Egypt's means of communication, highway, & lifeline.

Fertile soil

Egypt's greatest wealth

1. Stone

2. Sand dried bricks

3. Date palm

4. Palm leaves

5. Acacia

6. Sycamore

Geological influence (Egyptian Architecture)

Stone

Abundant building material except on temples & pyramids

1. Limestone

2. Sandstone

3. Alabaster

Soft stone

1. Granite

2. Quartzite

3. Basalt

4. Porphyry

Hard stone

Sun dried bricks

made up of clay & chopped stone for pyramids & temples

Date palm & palm leaves

used for roofing

Acacia

used for boats

Sycamore

used for mummy cases

Structure have no downspout, drainage, gutters due to absence of rain. No windows to cut heat penetration and sandstorm.

Climatic influence

Because they believe in "Life after death" and for the preservation of the dead body. Pharaoh is not only king but also "god" both political and religious ruler, when he dies he becomes "osiris", god of dead. They're "monotheistic" in theory & "polytheistic" in practice.

Why were pyramids built

1. Amun-ra

2. Rah

3. Atum

4. Osiris

5. Isis

6. Horus

7. Set

8. Thot

9. Anubis

10. Ptah

11. Serapis

Different egyptian gods

Amun-ra

Chief god

Rah

Symbol of the sun, hope for eternal life, sun god from Heliopolis

Atum

World creator

Osiris

God of the dead

Isis

Wife of osiris

Horus

Sky god, son of osiris, also reincarnation of "Ra" himself

Set

Dread god of evil, brother of pleasure

Thot

Ibis headed god of wisdom

Anubis

Jackal headed god of death

Ptah

God of craftsmen

Serapis

Bull god

started from 3rd millennium B.C. to roman period. Egypt was part of Persian empire for 2 centuries before the invasion of Alexander the great

30 dynasties

11th to 17th dynasty

Middle kingdom

1. Mastaba

2. Pyramid

2 types of tombs developed during the ancient kingdom

1st to 10th dynasty

Ancient kingdom

1. Mentuhetep II

2. Senusrets

3. Amenemhat I

Important personalities during the middle kingdom

Mentuhetep II

Developed the 3rd type of "Rock-cut Tomb"

Senusrets

Erected the earliest known "Obelisk" at Heliopolis

Amenemhat I

Founded "Great Temple of Ammon Kharnak" Grandest of all temples

18th to 30th dynasty

New empire

1. Thotmes I

2. Hatshepsut

3. Thotmes IV

4. Amenophis III

5. Rameses I

6. Rameses II

Important personalities during the new empire

Thotmes I

Began the additions to the Temple of Ammon, Kharnak

Hatshepsut

Queen of Egypt, famous for her funerary temple at Mt. Der-El-Bahari

Thotmes IV

The one responsible for the cleaning away of sand from the "Sphinx"

Amenophis III

Erected the "Colossi of Memnon", one of the wonders of the world.

Rameses I

Began the construction of the "Great Hypostyle Hall" at Kharnak

Rameses II

Finished the construction of the "Hypostyle Hall", & erection of the "Rock Temple at Abu-Simbel", and the "Remission", Thebes.

1. Ptolemy II

2. Ptolemy III

Important personalities during the Ptolemaic period

Ptolemy II

Built the Pharaohs or the "Light House"

Ptolemy III

Founded the "Greatest Serapeum" at Alexandria

Monarchy

form of government

Pharaoh

King of Egypt, ruler, highest priest in Egypt

Son of Pharaoh

normal successor to the throne

Vizier

king's most powerful official

Chancelor

He controls the royal treasuries, granaries, & supervises the census

Chief steward

In charge of the King's personal estate & household

1. Noble families - royal throne with his family

2. Soldiers, viziers, chacellors, chief stewards - next to leaders

3. Fishermen, farmers, craftsmen, merchants - ordinary Egyptians

4. Slaves - lowest form

Social ranks

1. Simplicity

2. Monumentality

3. Solidity or massiveness

Architectural character

1. Post & lintel

2. Columnar or trabeated

Systems of construction

1. Batterwall

2. Hieroglyphics

Features of Egyptian architecture

Batterwall

Inclination from base to top of the facade

Hieroglyphics

Use as ornaments, pictures & writings from the walls

1. Tombs

2. Temples

3. Obelisks

4. Sphinx

5. Capitals & Columns

6. Mouldings

Examples of structures

1. Mastaba

2. Pyramids

3. Rock cut tomb or Rock hewn tomb

3 types of tombs

Mastaba

- Flat top or tapered solid temple

- are tomb-houses that were made to take the body at full length

1. Outer chamber

2. Serdab

3. Sarcophagus

3 important parts of mastaba

Outer chamber

part of mastaba where offerings were placed

Serdab

part of mastaba; inner chamber containing the statues of the deceased member of the family

Sarcophagus

part of mastaba; chamber containing the "coffin" reached by an under ground shaft.

Mastaba of Thi

Example of mastaba

Thi

Royal architect, superintendent of pyramids in Egypt

Stele

is the upright stone slab containing the name of the dead found in the mastaba

Pyramids

Evolved from mastaba; with four sides facing the cardinal points, they were made by 100,000 men for 100 years.

1. Step pyramid

2. Bent or blunt pyramid

3. Slope pyramid

Pyramids

Step pyramid

type of pyramid which evolved from mastaba

Pyramid of King Zoser or Iser

- Example of step pyramid

- built by Imhotep, oldest surviving masonry building structure in the world

Bent or blunt pyramid

type of pyramid with 2 degrees of inclination of slope

Pyramid of Seneferu

Example of bent or blunt pyramid

1. King's chamber

2. Queen's chamber

3. Subterranean chamber

4. Grand gallery

5. Airshafts

Parts of slope pyramid

3 famous pyramids at Gizeh

Examples of slope pyramid

Great pyramids of Cheops

Pyramid equated to the size of St. Peter, Rome

1. Pyramid of Cheops or Khufu

2. Pyramid of Cheops or Khafra

3. Pyramid of Mykerinos or Menkaura

3 Famous pyramids at Gizeh

Pyramid of Cheops or Khufu/Great Pyramid of Giza

- Pyramid at Gizeh 146.4 meters high and 230 meters base, two times the area of the famous "St. Peter's Basilica in Rome".

- Biggest and tallest pyramid

- situated at northeast

Pyramid of the Chephren or Khafra

-Pyramid at Gizeh 143 meters high and 215 meters base

- looks taller because built on higher ground and has a steeper slope

-Pyramid with sphynx

Pyramid of Mykerinos or Menkaura

- Pyramid at Gizeh 65 meters high and 105 meters base

- situated at southwest

1. Elevated causeway

2. Offering chapel

3. Mortuary

4. Valley building

Parts of pyramid complex

Rock cut tomb or Rock hewn tomb

Tomb cut deep into the mountain rock

Tombs of the kings, Thebes

Example of rock cut tomb or rock hewn tomb

Temples

They were sanctuaries that only kings and priests can penetrate

1. Mortuary

2. Cult

2 types of temples

Mortuary temple

Type of temple built in honor of the pharaohs

Cult temple

Type of temple built for the worship of the gods

internal effect

Egyptian architecture was designed principally for

1. Entance pylon

2. Hypaethral court

3. Hypostyle hall

4. Sanctuary

5. Avenue of Sphinx

Parts of an Egyptian temple

Entrance pylon

Part of an Egyptian temple; Massive sloping towers fronted by an obelisks known as gateways in Egypt

Hypaethral court

Part of an Egyptian temple; Large outer court open to the sky

Hypostyle hall

Part of an Egyptian temple; A pillared hall in which the roofs rest on column

Sanctuary

Part of an Egyptian temple; Surrounded by passages & chambers used in connection with the temple service

Avenue of Sphinx

Part of an Egyptian temple; where mystical monster were placed

1. Great temple of Abu - Simbel

2. Great temple of Ammon, Kharnak

3. Temple of Ammon, Der-El-Bahari

4. Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

5. Temple of Elephantine

6. Temple of Hathor, Dendera

7. Temple of Horus, Edfu

8. Temple of Isis, Philae

9. Temple of Khons, Kharnak, by Ramesses III

10. Temple of Luxor

11. Temple of Mamimisi

12. Temple of Mentuhetep, Thebes

13. Temple of Seti I, Abydos

14. Temple of Remesseum, Thebes

Examples of temples

Great temple of Abu - Simbel

- Entrance forecurt leads to an imposing facade formed by a pylon carved with 4 colossal seated statues.

- It is one of the rock-hewn temples at this place commanded by the indefatigable Ramesses II. An entrance forecourt leads to the imposing facade, 36 meters (119 feet) wide & 32 meters (105 feet) high formed as pylon, immediately in front of which are four rock-cut seated colossal statues of Ramesses, over 20 meters (65 feet) high.

Great temple of Ammon, Kharnak, Thebes

- Most grandest temple in Egyptian planning & was commenced by Amenemhat 1; occupying an area of 1,200 ft. x 360 ft.

- The grandest of all Egyptian temples, was not built upon one complete plan but owes its size, disposition and magnificence to the work of many kings. built form the Xilth Dynasty to the ptolemaic period

Temple of Queen Hatshepsut, Mt. Der-El-Bahari

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Temple of Hathor, Dendera

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Temple of Amon Ra

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