Intro to ASD

ASD

ASD

A neurological and developmental disorder that affects how people interact with others, communicate, learn, and behave.

Developmental Delay

When a child’s progression through predictable developmental phases slows, stops, or reverses, often indicated by slower-than-normal development of motor, cognitive, social, and emotional skills.

DSM V

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, used by psychologists for diagnoses.

Echolalia

The repetition of words and sounds, normal in young children for language acquisition and a feature of autism, presenting differently in autism.

ICD-10

International Classification of Diseases (10th edition), a system used by medical professionals to classify and code all diagnoses.

IEP

Individual Education Program, a written statement reviewed annually that meets state requirements and is designed based on the individual needs of the student.

Sign

Conditions observed by someone other than the individual in question, such as test results or physical observations. Plays into differential diagnosis

Self Stimming

Repetitive acts that seem to lack an apparent adaptive function, often seen in individuals with ASD.

examples; tactile (skin rubbing, clenching fists), visual (linking, eye rolling, staring at lights, watching things spin), vestibular (rocking, swinging, spinning)

Symptom

Apparent to the individual experiencing them, representing their complaints, which outside observers cannot see. “the person themself feels this inside” example: anxiety, muscle tightness, nausea

WAC

Washington Administrative Code, the book of laws that includes regulations for special education services in public schools.

Eugen Bleuler (1908)

Psychologist who coined the term "autism" in 1908 in relation to his work with schizophrenic patients.

Leo Kanner (1943)

Psychologist who identified patterns of "abnormal behavior" in 1943, known as "early infantile autism."

Hans Asperger (1943)

Studied children with similar behaviors to Kanner in 1943, publishing findings in 1944, noting poor fine motor skills.

Bruno Bettelheim (Post 1943)

Worked with children he called autistic and hypothesized that autism was due to "frigid mothers."

Bernard Rimland (1964)

Psychologist who published a book in 1964 opposing Bettelheim’s conclusions about autism.

Victor Lotter (1966)

Published the first epidemiological study of children with autism in 1966, reporting a prevalence rate of 4.5/10,000.

Lorna Wing and Judith Gould (1979)

Studied the prevalence of autism in 1979 and identified the "Triad" of social interaction, communication, and imagination concerns.

~5/10,000 kids with IQ below 70· 15/10,000 kids with Triad

DSM II

Included autism as a form of childhood schizophrenia in 1968, attributing it to "refrigerator mothers."

DSM III

In 1980, redefined autism from schizophrenia to a "pervasive developmental disorder," moving away from the refrigerator mother refrigerator theory.

1) a lack of interest in people, 2) severe impairments in communication, 3) bizarre responses to the environment, 4) all developing in the first 30 months of life.

Asperger's Syndrome

Coined by Lorna Wing in 1981, describing individuals on the autism spectrum with distinct characteristics. ~20/10,000

PDD-NOS (1987)

Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified, included in DSM revisions to accommodate children not fitting strict criteria. The concept of everything having to develop before 30 months was dropped.

DSM IV (1994)

Released in 1994, categorized autism as a spectrum with five conditions, attributing causes to genetics.

Sula Wolff (1995)

Studied children with social impairments who did not fit the triad, advocating for their inclusion in the ASD category.

ICD 11

Released in 2022, changed the category to Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Social Communication Disorder

Introduced in DSM V as a diagnosis for those with language and social impairments only.

Co-occurring Conditions

95% of children with autism have additional conditions, averaging 4.9 co-occurring issues.

Early Intervention Diagnosis and Treatment

Research shows that early diagnosis and treatment can decrease the overall cost of lifelong care by 67%

To meet diagnostic criteria for ASD according to DSM-5, a child must havepersistent deficits in each of three areas of social communication andinteraction (see A.1. through A.3. below) plus at least two of four types ofrestricted, repetitive behaviors (see B.1. through B.4. below).

1. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, as manifested by the following, currently or by history (examples are illustrative, not exhaustive; see text):1. Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, ranging, for example, from abnormal social approach and failure of normal back-and-forth conversation; to reduced sharing of interests, emotions,or affect; to failure to initiate or respond to social interactions.
2. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, as manifested by the following, currently or by history (examples are illustrative, not exhaustive; see text):2. Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction, ranging, forexample, from poorly integrated verbal and nonverbal communication; to abnormalities in eye contact and body language or deficits in understanding and use of gestures; to a total lack of facial expressions and nonverbal communication.

3. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiplecontexts, as manifested by the following, currently or by history (examples areillustrative, not exhaustive; see text):3. Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships, ranging, for example,from difficulties adjusting behavior to suit various social contexts; to difficulties in sharingimaginative play or in making friends; to absence of interest in peers

   1. 
      B.Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities,as manifested by at least two of the following, currently or by history(examples are illustrative, not exhaustive; see text):1. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech(e.g., simple motor stereotypes, lining up toys or flipping objects, echolalia,idiosyncratic phrases).2. Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualizedpatterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior (e.g., extreme distress at smallchanges, difficulties with transitions, rigid thinking patterns, greeting rituals,need to take same route or eat same food every day).

   2. B.Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities,as manifested by at least two of the following, currently or by history(examples are illustrative, not exhaustive; see text):3. Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus(e.g., strong attachment to or preoccupation with unusual objects, excessivelycircumscribed or perseverative interests)

   3. 
      B.Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities,as manifested by at least two of the following, currently or by history(examples are illustrative, not exhaustive; see text):4. Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensoryaspects of the environment (e.g. apparent indifference to pain/temperature,adverse response to specific sounds or textures, excessive smelling ortouching of objects, visual fascination with lights or movement).

How many children in the United States have ASD?

1:36

the prevalence of ASD has increased by how much?

317%

seizures, anxiety, and sleep issues and ASD statistics?

38% seizures, 40% anxiety, 53% sleep issues

4x more likely to have _____ and ASD

GI issues and higher unmet healthcare needs

what % of those with ASD have co-occuring conditions and how many on avg?

95% and 4.9

_____ x more likely to die from preventable injuries

40

average life expectancy avg VS. ASD

age 72 VS age 36

how many ASD adults have paid jobs in the community?

14%

where do they live percentages

49% live w/ parent or relative

27% in group home

10% independently

8% institution

5% unknown

1985

ASD struggle with theory of mind as child

1986 Gottenburg

Sweden study similar to wing and gould 1979 study

1993

Sweden, 36/10,000 children met criteria for Asperger Syndrome· 35/10,000 more children had social difficulties

1994

36/10,000 children met criteria for Asperger Syndrome· 35/10,000 more children had social difficulties

childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD)

hildhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD) is a rare neurobiological disorder characterized by the deterioration of language and social skills, and the loss of intellectual functioning following normal development through at least the initial two years of life

2006 ICD-10 diagnostic criteria

38.9/10,000 children had “childhood autism”· 77.2/10,000 children were on the “autism spectrum”· For a total of 116/10,000 children identified

2007

2007: Research on adults with autism started to become more prevalent & the first study on prevalence was run (1% adults were found to have autism)

2013

2013: DSM V revised definition of autism· Autism Spectrum Disorder was introduced characterized by:o persistent impairment in reciprocal social communication and social interaction ando restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, o which both must present in early childhood· Asperger Syndrome, classic autism, and PDD-NOS were removed· Social Communication Disorder was introduced as a means to diagnose those with language and social impairments only· Childhood disintegrative disorder and Rett Syndrome were removed from autism category

higher base line than 2000 ________

241%

non verbal, average or above average intellect, intellectual disability

40%, 44%, 31%

WAC 392-172A is the ________

Provision of Special Education

definitions of autism and developmental delay. Please
write a succinct description of a legal definition of autism as defined for a school
district. This is not a medical definition rather a qualifying category.
d sensitivity to certain sensory experiences characterize this disorder

Does an LEA cover only public schools, including therapy?
• The LEA covers both public schools and public institutions such as charter
schools, educational agencies, and Deaf or HOH, or schools for the blind

Both public schools and public institutions (charter schools, educational agencies, etc.)

what is a refrigerator mother?

a mother who is cold and uncaring to her child and caused their autism

speech items

speech not being used for communication, reversal of pronouns, echolalia, repetition of phases

movement peculiarity

self spinning, jumping, flapping, toe walking, other marked mannerism

repetitive ritualistic items

elaborate food fads, lines, and patterns with objects, spinning objects, other elaborate ritual play, carrying, banging, twirling, etc., the insistence of sameness in events and objects