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Minerals
Inorganic
Solid
Ordered internal structure
Definite chemical composition
Naturally occurring
Rocks
Solid
Inorganic and organic
Naturally occurring
Made of minerals
Igneous Rock
TYPES OF ROCK
Formed when MAGMA OR LAVA COOL TO A SOLID FORM, glass or masses of tightly inter-grown mineral crystals.
COOLING AND SOLIDIFICATION
Classified based on:
Origin
Textures
Composition
Origin
INTRUSIVE/PLUTONIC
EXTRUSIVE/VOLCANIC
Intrusive or Plutonic
ORIGIN
Formed when MAGMA INSIDE EARTH AND TENDS TO TAKE A LONG TIME TO SOLIDIFY INTO ROCK.
Has PHANERITIC TEXTURES
EX: GRANITE & PERIDOTITE
Extrusive or Volcanic
ORIGIN
FORMED FROM LAVA IN EARTH’S SURFACE and tends to SOLIDIFY QUICKLY.
Common textures: APHANITIC AND PROPHYRITIC
EX: OBSIDIAN, BASALT, RHYOLITE
Texture
Based on the SIZE OF CRYSTALS
Phaneritic
TEXTURES
COARSE GRAINED
FORMING LARGE INTERLOCKING CRYSTALS

Porphyritic
TEXTURES
Formed through TWO STAGES OF CRYSTALLIZATION WHERE MAGMA PARTLY COOLED BELOW SURFACE OF THE EARTH providing time for large crystals to grow. (PHENOCRYSTS)
GROUNDMASS: BEFORE IT IS EXTRUDED TO SURFACE FORMING FINE GRAINED MATRIX

Phenocrysts
PORPHYRITIC
LARGELY FORMED CRYSTALS THAT TAKES TIME
Groundmass
PORPHYRITIC
FORMING GINE GRAINED MATRIX
Aphanitic
TEXTURES
FINE GRAINED
MINERALS ARE NOT VISIBLE TO NAKED EYE
Relatively FAST RATES OF COOLING/SOLIDIFICATION prevent the formation of large crystals.

Glassy
TEXTURES
NATURAL GLASS WITH VERY FEW CRYSTALS
FORMED BY VERY RAPID COOLING

Vesicular
TEXTURES
These are VOIDS CREATED BY RAPID COOLING WHICH CAUSE AIR BUBBLES TO BE TRAPPED INSIDE

Pyroclastic
TEXTURES
It contains PIECES OF ASH, OTHER MOLTEN BLOBS EMBEDDED IN THEM.

Felsic
COMPOSITION
GRANITIC: > 65% silica
GENERALLY LIGHT COLORED
Intermediate
COMPOSITION
ANDESITIC: 55-65% SILICA
Generally MEDIUM COLORED (GRAY)
Mafic
COMPOSITION
BASALTIC: 45 - 55% silica
USUALLY DARK COLORED
Ultramafic
COMPOSITION
< 45% Silica,
GENERALLY VERY DARK COLORED