Unit 4 ID terms APUSH(king meyer)

Era of Good Feelings (1817 to 1825)

This term refers to the period duringm Monroe's presidency marked by a temporary decline of national unity following the War of 1812. The collapse of the Federalist Party left the DemReps dominant, but tensions over slavery, economic policy, and sectionalism were already emerging.

Monroe

The fifth U.S. president (1817 to 1825), ___ presided over the Era of Good Feelings and promoted national unity through policies like the Monroe Doctrine. His administration saw territorial expansion and economic nationalism, but also faced challenges like the Panic of 1819 and the Missouri Compromise.

Quincy Adams

Serving as Monroe's Secretary of State and later as the sixth president (1825 to 1829), __ was a key architect of expansionist diplomacy, including the Adams Onís Treaty and the Monroe Doctrine. His presidency emphasized internal improvements and national development, though he faced fierce opposition from Jacksonian Democrats. He later became a leading antislavery voice in Congress.

Clay

A powerful statesman known as the "Great Compromiser," ___ promoted the American System—a plan for economic development through tariffs, a national bank, and infrastructure. He played central roles in the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1833, aiming to preserve the Union amid growing sectional tensions.

Biddle

As president of the Second Bank of the United States, __ became a central figure in the Bank War against Andrew Jackson. He defended the Bank's role in stabilizing the economy, but Jackson viewed it as a tool of elite corruption. Their conflict led to the Bank's demise and contributed to the Panic of 1837.

Calhoun

A leading Southern politician and theorist, __ championed states' rights and nullification, arguing that states could reject federal laws they deemed unconstitutional. He also defended slavery as a "positive good," framing it as essential to Southern society(intensified sectionalism)

Webster

____was a prominent Northern senator and orator who defended the Union and federal authority, especially during the Nullification Crisis. Though he supported compromise, he remained a strong voice against disunion.

Jackson

The seventh president (1829 to 1837), ___ expanded executive power and reshaped American politics through populist appeals and the rise of the Democratic Party. His policies included Indian removal, opposition to the national bank, and support for states' rights—though he forcefully opposed nullification.

Petticoat Affair

This social scandal during Jackson's presidency involved the ostracism of Peggy Eaton, wife of Secretary of War John Eaton, by other cabinet wives. Jackson defended her, leading to cabinet resignations and a rift with Vice President Calhoun. The affair revealed the influence of social norms on political alliances.

de Tocqueville

A French observer who traveled the U.S. in the 1830s, ___ wrote Democracy in America, analyzing American political culture, equality, and civic life. He praised democratic institutions but warned of "tyranny of the majority" and the fragility of liberty. His work remains a foundational critique of early American democracy.

Van Buren

A key architect of the Democratic Party, ____ served as Jackson's vice president and then became the eighth U.S. president (1837 to 1841). His presidency was marked by the Panic of 1837, a major economic downturn worsened by Jackson's banking policies.

Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)

This treaty between the U.S. and Britain limited naval forces on the Great Lakes following the War of 1812. It helped ease tensions and marked a step toward peaceful U.S.*British relations. The agreement reflected growing diplomatic cooperation and the desire to demilitarize the northern border.

American System (1815 to 1840s)

Proposed by Henry Clay, this was a plan to strengthen the national economy through protective tariffs, a national bank, and federal funding for internal improvements. The system faced opposition from those who favored states' rights and feared federal overreach.

Tariff of 1816

This was the first protective tariff in U.S. history, designed to shield American manufacturing from British competition after the War of 1812. It marked a shift toward economic nationalism and was part of the American System. Southern opposition grew over time, as tariffs were seen to favor Northern industry.

Land Act of 1820

This act lowered the price of public land and reduced the minimum purchase size, making western land more accessible to settlers. It encouraged westward expansion and reflected the Jeffersonian ideal of an agrarian republic. The act also responded to economic pressures following the Panic of 1819.

Tallmadge Amendment (1819)

Proposed during the debate over Missouri's admission to the Union, this amendment sought to ban further slavery in Missouri and gradually emancipate enslaved people already there. The controversy led to the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

Peculiar Institution

This phrase was a Southern euphemism for slavery, emphasizing its uniqueness to the region. It reflected how white Southerners defended slavery as central to their economy and way of life, even as Northern criticism grew. The term highlights the sectional divide that deepened in the antebellum era.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

A landmark Supreme Court case in which Chief Justice Marshall upheld the constitutionality of the Second BUS. The Court ruled that states could not tax federal institutions, strengthening federal authority. It reinforced the doctrine of implied powers under the Constitution.

Anglo American Convention (1818)

This treaty between the U.S. and Britain established the 49th parallel as the boundary between U.S. and Canadian territory from the Great Lakes to the Rocky Mountains. It also allowed joint occupation of Oregon. The agreement reflected peaceful diplomacy and expansionist ambitions.

Russo American Treaty (1824)

This treaty set the southern boundary of Russian claims, limiting Russian expansion southward and clarified U.S. influence in the Pacific Northwest. The agreement was part of broader efforts to secure American territorial interests.

Adams Onís Treaty (1819)

Negotiated by John Quincy Adams, this treaty transferred Florida from Spain to the United States. In exchange, the U.S. recognized Spanish sovereignty over Texas. The treaty expanded U.S. territory and reduced European presence in North America.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

This compromise admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining sectional balance in the Senate. It also prohibited slavery north of the 36°30′ line in the Louisiana Territory. The compromise temporarily eased tensions but revealed deep divisions over slavery's expansion.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Announced by President Monroe, this foreign policy declared that the Western Hemisphere was closed to further Euro colonization. It warned European powers against interfering in newly independent Latin American nations.

The Corrupt Bargain (1824)

In the presidential election of 1824, no candidate won a majority in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives decided the outcome. Quincy Adams was chosen as president, and Henry Clay, Speaker of the House, was appointed Secretary of State.

Spoils System

This was the practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs, popularized under Andrew Jackson. Jackson argued it democratized government by rotating officeholders, but critics saw it as patronage and corruption. The system became a hallmark of 19th century politics.

"Tariff of Abominations" (1828)

A high protective tariff passed by Congress that angered the South, which relied on imported goods and feared retaliatory measures against cotton exports. Southerners saw it as favoring Northern industry at their expense, leading to the Nullification Crisis.

Nullification Crisis (1832 to 1833)

South Carolina declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state. Calhoun defended nullification, while Andrew Jackson threatened military force to preserve federal authority. The crisis highlighted sectional divisions and the fragility of the Union.

Compromise of 1833

Engineered by Clay, this compromise gradually lowered tariff rates to resolve the Nullification Crisis. It allowed SC to back down without losing face, while preserving federal supremacy. The compromise temporarily eased tensions but left unresolved the deeper conflict over states' rights and slavery.

Bloody Bill / Force Bill (1833)

Passed alongside the Compromise Tariff, this authorized the president to use military force to enforce federal tariff laws. Jackson's support for the bill demonstrated his commitment to preserving the Union. Though rarely used, it symbolized federal determination against state defiance.

Erie Canal (1825)

Completed in New York, the canal connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River, revolutionizing transportation and commerce. It lowered shipping costs, spurred settlement in the Midwest, and boosted New York City commercially.

Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin (1793)

His invention mechanized the process of separating cotton fibers from seeds, making cotton production vastly more efficient. It transformed the Southern economy, fueling demand for enslaved labor and expanding cotton cultivation westward.

Market Revolution (1820s to 1830s)

This term describes the transformation of the U.S. economy through innovations in transportation, communication, and industry. While it created opportunities, it also intensified inequalities and sectional tensions.

Transportation Revolution

Closely linked to the Market Revolution, this period saw the rise of canals, steamboats, and railroads. These innovations reduced travel time, lowered costs, and connected distant regions. The revolution facilitated westward expansion and economic integration of the nation.

Morse

Inventor of the telegraph and Morse code, he revolutionized communication in the 1830s to 1840s. The telegraph allowed near-instant transmission of information across long distances, reshaping commerce, journalism, and politics. ____'s invention was a cornerstone of the Market Revolution.

Immigration: Irish, Germans (1840s to 1850s)

Large waves of immigrants arrived in the U.S. due to famine, political unrest, and economic opportunity. The Irish often settled in urban areas and worked low-wage jobs, while Germans tended to move west and farm. Their arrival fueled nativist backlash but also enriched American culture and labor.

Know-Nothing Party (1844 to 1860)-

A nativist political movement that opposed immigration, especially Catholic Irish and Germans. Members pledged secrecy, and the party reflected anxieties about cultural change and the impact of immigrants on jobs and politics.

Tammany Hall

A powerful Democratic political machine in New York City, it drew support from immigrant communities, especially the Irish. Offered jobs in exchange for votes, shaping urban politics. It symbolized both grassroots mobilization and corruption in the era.

Universal Male Suffrage (1820s to 1850s)

By the 1820s, most states had eliminated property requirements for voting among white men. This expansion of suffrage fueled the rise of Jacksonian Democracy and mass political participation. However, women, Native Americans, and African Americans remained excluded.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Signed by Andrew Jackson, this law authorized the forced relocation of Native American tribes from the Southeast to lands west of the Mississippi. The act reflected the clash between Native sovereignty and U.S. territorial ambitions.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

The Supreme Court ruled that Georgia had no authority over Cherokee lands, affirming tribal sovereignty, but Jackson ignored it. The case highlighted tensions between federal authority, state power, and Native survival.

Trail of Tears (1830 to 1850)

The forced removal of Cherokee and other tribes from their homelands to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). Thousands died from exposure, disease, and starvation during the journey. It remains a symbol of the devastating impact of U.S. expansionist policies on Native peoples.

Bank War (1832 to 1836)

This was the political struggle between President Jackson and supporters of the Second BUS, led by Biddle. Jackson vetoed the recharter of the Bank, arguing it concentrated power in the hands of elites. The conflict led to the Bank's destruction and contributed to financial instability.

Pet Banks

After dismantling the national bank, Jackson deposited federal funds into his selected state banks. These banks often issued risky loans, fueling speculation. Their practices contributed to the Panic of 1837.

Specie Circular (1836)

Issued by Jackson, this executive order required payment for public lands in gold or silver rather than paper money. It aimed to curb speculation but drained specie from banks. The policy worsened the economic downturn that followed.

Whig Party (1833 to 1856)

Formed in opposition to Jackson, they supported a strong federal role in promoting economic development through the American System. The party reflected growing sectional tensions and eventually fractured over slavery.

Second Great Awakening (1790s to 1840s)

A widespread religious revival that emphasized personal salvation, emotional preaching, and social reform. It spurred movements for temperance, abolition, and women's rights, linking faith to activism. The revival reshaped American religious life and fueled democratic participation in religion.

Finney

A leading preacher of the Second Great Awakening, ___ emphasized free will and the possibility of salvation for all. His revivals in New York's "Burned Over District" inspired reform movements. His message reflected the era's optimism about human improvement.

Burned Over District

A region in western New York known for intense religious revivalism during the Second Great Awakening. It produced reform movements including abolitionism, temperance, and utopian communities. The district symbolized the link between revivalism and social change.

Mormons

Founded by Joseph Smith in the 1830s, this movement emphasized new scripture and communal living. Persecution forced them westward, eventually settling in Utah under Young. Their story reflects both religious innovation and conflict in antebellum America.

Joseph Smith

Founder of the Mormon faith that claimed divine visions and published the Book of Mormon in 1830. He established communities in Ohio, Missouri, and Illinois, but faced hostility.

Young

After Smith's death, ___ led the Mormons westward to Utah, where they established a thriving community. His leadership ensured the survival of the faith despite persecution. His migration exemplified religious dissent and frontier settlement.

Transcendentalism (1820s to 1830s)

An intellectual and spiritual movement centered in New England that emphasized individual intuition, nature, and self reliance over conformity and materialism. The movement influenced literature, reform, and critiques of industrial society.

Emerson

A leading transcendentalist, ___ promoted self reliance, individualism, and the spiritual connection to nature. His essays and lectures, such as Self Reliance (1841), inspired reformers and writers. ___'s ideas challenged traditional authority and celebrated democratic ideals.

Thoreau

A key transcendentalist, is best known for Walden and his essay Civil Disobedience. He advocated simple living close to nature and resistance to unjust laws. His philosophy influenced later reform movements, including environmentalism and nonviolent protest.

Self Reliance (1841)

Emerson's essay argued that individuals should trust their own instincts and reject conformity. It became a cornerstone of transcendentalist thought, encouraging independence and creativity. The work reflected broader democratic ideals of the antebellum era.

New Harmony (1825)

A utopian community in Indiana founded by Robert Owen, a British reformer. It aimed to create a cooperative society free from inequality and poverty. Though short lived, it reflected the era's experiments with communal living and social reform.

Oneida Community

Founded in New York in 1848 by Noyes, this utopian community practiced "complex marriage" and communal property. Members believed in perfectionism and shared labor. The community challenged conventional norms and reflected reformist zeal of the period.

Noyes

Leader of the Oneida Community, he promoted radical ideas about marriage, property, and religious perfection. His leadership embodied the utopian impulse of the antebellum era. Though controversial, his community survived longer than many others.

Shakers

A religious sector founded in the 18th century that grew during the Second Great Awakening. They emphasized celibacy, communal living, and ecstatic worship practices. They thrived in the early 19th century, producing distinctive furniture and crafts.

Mother Ann Lee

Founder of the Shakers, she emigrated from England to America in the late 1700's. She taught that she was the female incarnation of Christ and promoted celibacy and communal living. Her leadership inspired the growth of Shaker communities in the early republic.

Hudson River School (1825 to 1870)

An American art movement focused on romantic landscapes, where artists emphasized nature's beauty, grandeur, and spiritual qualities, reflecting transcendentalist ideals. The school helped shape a national identity tied to the American wilderness.

American Temperance Society (1826)

Founded in Boston, this organization promoted abstinence from alcohol as part of a broader reform movement. The society reflected the Second Great Awakening's emphasis on personal discipline and reform.

Maine and Maine Law (1851)

First state to pass a law prohibiting the manufacture and sale of alcohol. The law reflected the growing strength of the temperance movement. Though enforcement was difficult, it set a precedent for later prohibition efforts.

Domesticity (1820s to 1860s)

Often called the "cult of domesticity," this ideal emphasized middle-class women's roles as guardians of morality, home, and family. It reinforced gender divisions, placing women in the private sphere while men occupied the public sphere.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

The first women's rights convention in the U.S., organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. Delegates issued the Declaration of Sentiments, demanding equality in education, employment, and suffrage. The convention marked the formal beginning of the women's rights movement.

Elizabeth Stanton

A leading women's rights activist, ___ helped organize the Seneca Falls Convention and co~authored the Declaration of Sentiments. Her leadership made her a central figure in the early feminist movement.

Susan B. Anthony

___was a prominent reformer who worked closely with Stanton to advance women's suffrage. She also supported temperance and abolition, linking reform movements together. Her tireless activism laid the foundation for the eventual passage of the 19th Amendment.

Lucy Stone

An abolitionist and women's rights advocate, she promoted suffrage and helped organize the American Woman Suffrage Association. Her speeches and activism inspired generations of reformers.

Prison Reform

____sought to improve conditions and emphasize rehabilitation over punishment. Reformers argued that humane treatment could lead to moral improvement. The movement reflected broader humanitarian impulses of the antebellum era.

Dorothea Dix

A leading advocate for prison and asylum reform, she exposed the harsh conditions faced by the mentally ill and incarcerated. Her work reflected the era's commitment to social reform and compassion.

American Colonization Society (1817)

Founded by reformers and politicians, it promoted the gradual emancipation of enslaved people and their resettlement in Africa. While some supported it as a solution to slavery, many Black leaders opposed it, seeing it as an attempt to exile free Blacks rather than integrate them into American society.

American Antislavery Society (1833)

Led by Garrison, this organization called for immediate abolition of slavery and equal rights for African Americans. It published antislavery literature and organized petitions, lectures, and campaigns. The society reflected the growing radicalism of abolitionism in the 1830s.

Garrison

A fiery abolitionist, he founded The Liberator newspaper and demanded immediate emancipation without compensation to slaveholders. He helped organize the American Antislavery Society and became one of the most radical voices of the movement. His uncompromising stance polarized opinion but energized abolitionist activism.

Douglass

Born enslaved, he escaped and became a leading abolitionist, writer, and speaker. His autobiography exposed the brutality of slavery, and his eloquence challenged racist assumptions. He worked with Garrison but later pursued independent strategies, including political action.

Walker

An African American abolitionist, he published a radical pamphlet urging enslaved people to resist oppression. His call for immediate emancipation and active resistance alarmed Southern authorities. ___'s work exemplified the militancy of early Black abolitionism.

Sojourner Truth

A formerly enslaved woman, she became a powerful speaker for abolition and women's rights. Her speeches combined religious conviction with personal testimony, making her a compelling advocate. She embodied the intersection of reform movements in the antebellum era.

Nat Turner Rebellion (1831)

An enslaved preacher in Virginia, led a violent uprising that killed around 60 white people. The rebellion was suppressed, and __ was executed, but it terrified slaveholders. In response, Southern states tightened slave codes and restricted Black education and assembly, deepening sectional tensions.

Still learning (2)

You've begun learning these terms. Keep up the good work!