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intraspecific relationship
between organisms that are the same species.
interspecific relationship
between an organism and other species
community
an interacting group of various species in a common location.
species
a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring.
population
a group of organisms living in the same geographical area at the same time
Mutualistic Relationships
Both species benefit from the relationship.
abiotic factors
a non-living part of an ecosystem that shapes its environment. In a terrestrial ecosystem, examples might include temperature, light, and water
Predation
One species (predator) hunts and consumes another species (prey).
Parasitism
One species (parasite) benefits at the expense of another species (host).
why there are 4-5 trophic levels
There is only a 10% flow of energy from one trophic level to the next higher level. The energy loss at each step is so great that minimal usable remains after four or five trophic levels.
Commensalism
One species benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
Competition
Two or more species compete for limited resources.
Predation and Parasitism
Combination of predation and parasitism.
Symbiosis
Close and long-term interaction between different species.
Biotic Factors
Living components of an ecosystem that directly or indirectly influence organisms within it.
organisms
an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.
Producers
Plants and some bacteria that convert sunlight energy into organic compounds through photosynthesis.
Consumers
Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms.
Decomposers
Bacteria and fungi that break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients.
Predation and Herbivory
Interactions between predators and prey, as well as herbivores and plants.
Competition
Occurs when organisms compete for limited resources.
Symbiotic Relationships
Close interactions between different species, including mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.
Disease and Parasites
Diseases and parasites that affect organisms within an ecosystem.
Human Influence
Human activities that impact biotic factors.
Food Chain
Linear sequence of organisms where each organism serves as a source of food for the next.
Energy Levels
Different trophic levels representing the position of an organism in a food chain.
Primary Consumers
Herbivores that eat plants or algae.
Secondary Consumers
Carnivores that eat primary consumers.
Tertiary Consumers
Carnivores that eat secondary consumers.
Carbon Cycle
Through food chains, the carbon that is in plants moves to the animals that eat them. Animals that eat other animals get the carbon from their food too. Carbon moves from plants and animals to soils. When plants and animals die, their bodies, wood and leaves decay bringing the carbon into the ground.
invasive species
animals or plants from another region of the world that don't belong in their new environment. They can be introduced to an area by ship ballast water, accidental release, and most often, by people.
Exponential phase (graph)
affected by birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration. If a population is given unlimited amounts of food, moisture, oxygen, and other environmental factors, it will show _____
plateau phase (graph)
Here, the population size is constant so no more growth is occurring. This is the result of the birth rate being equal to the mortality rate and is caused by resources becoming scarce as well as an increase in predators, diseases and parasites.
transitional phase
a point where the birth rate drops and the death rate rises. This occurs due to reduced resources and increased predator and disease pressures, leading to a slowing of population growth.