Volume Measurement and Density Calculation (P3- Marco)

Volume Measurement

Process of determining an object's volume by measuring its length, width, and height and calculating the result

Density Equation

Formula to calculate density: density = mass/volume (p = m/V)

Density of Irregular Object

Method to find density of an irregular object: measure its mass and use a eureka can for volume

Water Displacement

Technique to measure the volume of an object by the amount of water it displaces

Density

Measure of mass per unit volume of a substance

Strong Forces in Solids

Cause particles to be held in a fixed, regular arrangement

Particle Motion in Solids

Restricted to vibrating in place

Liquid Particle Motion

Particles can move past each other in irregular arrangements

Gas Particle Motion

Particles move freely in random directions

Mass Calculation from Density and Volume

Method to find mass: mass = density × volume

Gas Particle Interception

Leads to the exertion of pressure

Pressure in Gas Container

Caused by gas particles hitting the container walls

Gas Particle Force Direction

At right angles to the container wall

Temperature's Effect on Gas Pressure

Higher temperature leads to increased gas pressure

Gas Temperature and Kinetic Energy Relationship

Hotter temperature results in higher particle kinetic energy

Internal Energy Composition

Consists of kinetic and potential energy stores in a system

Internal Energy Changes in Melting and Boiling

Increases as bonds break during state changes

Flat Graph in State Change

Indicates no temperature increase during a state transition

Specific Latent Heat

Energy required for a 1kg state change without temperature alteration

Specific Latent Heat Equation

Formula: energy = mass × specific latent heat (E = m × L)

Energy Usage in Condensation or Freezing

Utilized to form bonds during state changes

Internal Energy Decrease in Condensation

Internal energy decreases, but temperature remains constant

Energy Change in State or Temperature

Occurs due to the gain of more energy

State Change Type

Physical change, not chemical, during a state transition

Constants in State Change

Number of particles and mass remain constant

Latent Heat

Energy required to change the state of a substance

Gas Particle Heating

Results in faster particle movement

Heating Gas Collisions

Increases collision frequency among gas particles

Gas Pressure with Volume Increase

Pressure decreases as gas volume increases

Pressure-Volume Relationship in Gases

Product of pressure and volume remains constant (P × V = constant)

Gas Pressure with Volume Decrease

Pressure increases when gas volume decreases

Helium Balloon Release

Balloon rises into the atmosphere when released

Balloon Volume Increase Cause

Increased volume due to decreased external pressure in the atmosphere

Effect of Work on Gas

Raises internal energy and temperature of the gas

Bicycle Tyre Pumping

Results in increased gas temperature

Equation for Internal energy

U = Ek + Ep

U = internal energy

Ek = Kinetic energy

Ep = Potential energy

What is work done?

Work done on a gas causes it to gain internal energy and so will increase the temperature. Pumping up the tyre of a bicycle involves doing work and this will increase the temperature of the gas inside the bicycle tyre.

The equation for a fixed mass and a constant temperature is?

P × V = constant

P = pressure (Pa)

V = volume (m3)

Boyle's Law

A principle that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature. P1V1 = P2V2