Biology Final Review

Temperature

One of the things that allows for enzyme denature and one of the things that defines a biome

Species

Organisms that can produce viable and fertile offspring together

Logistic Growth

“S” graph. Graph of species that reaches carrying capacity.

Biome

Defined by temperature and precipatation

Predation

Predator/Prey Relationship

Sun

The giant yellow thing in the sky that provides heat and energy (sets the energy for the Earth)

C6H12O6

Thing that plants make which we turn into energy

Biotic

Alive

Primary Producer

Herbivore. Sets the energy for the ecosystem

Mutualism

Both organisms are happy

Photosynthesis

The process of plants turning carbon dioxide into oxygen

CO2

the thing that plants turn into oxygen via photosynthesis

Rain

water falling from the sky

10% Rule

Energy that stays as it goes up the food chain

Carrying Capacity

The environment can no longer sustain organisms because it has run out of resources

Community

a group of populations in one area (at least two or more different species)

Herbivore

animals that only eat plants

Exponential Growth

“J” graph. The environment has yet to reach carrying capacity and is still expanding.

Abiotic

Not alive

O2

What plants produce when they consume CO2. What humans breath in to create CO2

Tropic Level

What we call each level on the food chain

Population

Smallest group that can evolve. A group of one species in an area

H2O

Water

Commensialism

When one organism is happy and the other is neutral.

Control Ecological Footprint

Something we’d better do

Ecosystem

All the biotic and abiotic factors in one place

Carnivore

Organism that only eats meat

Cellular respiration

the process of converting glucose (food) into energy (ATP) using oxygen and releasing CO2

Rainforest

Very humid/rainy
Extreme biodiversity
Tigers, monkeys, snakes

Independent Variable

The thing you change in an experiment

Climate Change

The Earth is getting hotter and that’s bad

Dependent Variable

The variable that changes because of the changes of independent variable

Ozone Depletion

Holes in the ozone layer that we made that let UV light through (O3)

Hypothesis

If… then… statement

Antibiotic

Thing used to treat bacterial infections

Large intestine

absorbs the water from the stuff you digested

Asexual reproduction

Mode of reproduction in which offspring is produced by one parent rather than two. Lacks genetic variation.

Lytic

when a virus infections a bacteria cell,

Mouth

First stop in digestion.

Endergonic

Absorbs energy

Enzyme

type of protein, organic catalyst

Active site

Site where the reaction between the enzyme and substrate takes place

Allopatric Speciation

When new species evolve after being geographically seperated

Analogous Structure

Similar function, different structure (ex: birds wing and insects wing)

Carbohydrate

macromolecule, short term energy

Fossils

evolution evidence, physical remains of ancient life

Stabilizing Selection

the middle is “selected”

Ribosome

part of a prokaryote cell where proteins are made

Bacteria

type of prokaryote cell. can be both good and bad

Plasmid

part of prokaryote cell that carries extra piece of DNA and carries the genes for antibiotic resistance

DNA

double stranded genetic material

When was the Earth formed

4\.6 billion years ago

Catalase

type of enzyme that turns H2O2 into oxygen and water

Stomach

3rd step of digestion. Uses mechanical and chemical digestion. Food is broken down by churning, pepsin (breaks down proteins), and gastric juice (pH of 2)

Darwin

Cool scientist guy who came up with the idea of natural selection

Substrate

thing the enzyme bonds to to make a reaction

Flagella

part of most prokaryotic cells that helps with movement

Lemark

first person to state that organisms change over time, believed that one would acquire a characteristic and pass it onto their kid

pH

used to measure the acidity of a solution. Also one of the two reasons an enzyme denatures

Conjugation

Passing DNA between each other with a really long tube (sex pilus). Doesn’t make a new cell. Creates genetic variation

Competitive Inhibitor

interferes with substrate for active site

Binary Fission

Form of asexual reproduction for prokaryotes

(1→2→4→8, etc).

Capsid

protein outer shell of virus

Protein

Things like amino acids and enzymes.

Behavioral Isolation

Signals that attract mates aren’t attractive

Exergonic

reaction that releases energy

sympatric speciation

new species evolves w/o geographic separation

Lipid

long term energy storage (fats)

Activation Energy

The amount of energy it takes to make a reaction (enzymes lower it)

Vestigial Structure

something your ancestors used that you have no use for (ex: appendix)

Directional Selection

one extreme is “selected”

Transformation

Picking up random DNA in the environment

Homologous Structure

inherited from a common ancestor (ex: arms of all mammals)

Peptidoglycan

thing that makes up the cell wall. antibiotics love it

Genetic Drift

Random change due to chance (ex: if a brick fell out of the sky and kills the only blonde in a population, the population would lose the blonde gene)

Natural Selection

proposed by darwin as a mechanism of evolution

Capsule

helps prokaryotic cells stick to stuff

Noncompetitive Inhibitor

binds elsewhere on enzyme causing a shape change in the active site so that the enzyme can’t bind to the substrate

Biochemical Evidence

organisms that use the same basic biochemical molecules

Constant

Something that never changes in an experiment

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