ULTIMATE ANATOMY EXAM 2

above

spinal nerves C1-C7 pass ______ corresponding vertebrae

below

spinal nerves T1-S5 pass ______ corresponding vertebrae

C7 and T1

spinal nerve C8 passes through which two vertebrae?

transverse foramen

the vertebral artery passes through what space in the vertebrae?

atlas (C1)

vertebrae that functions to support the skull

axis (C2)

vertebrae that functions to provide rotation on the head on the neck

dens

what specialized structure allows for rotational movement of the head?

atlanto-occipital joint

joint primarily for flexion/extension and lateral bending of skull of C1:

atlanto-axial joint

joint primarily rotation with some flexion/extension, lateral bending of C1 on C2

transverse ligament of atlas

what structure prevents anterior displacement of the skull and atlas together?

alar ligaments

what structure prevents excessive lateral rotation of the skull and atlas, attaches to dens and foramen magnum?

posterior longitudinal ligament

this structure prevents hyper flexion of cervical column:

posterior longitudinal ligament

Identify the structure.

superior longitudinal band
inferior longitudinal band
transverse ligament

these three structures make up the cruciate ligament:

anterior longitudinal ligament

this structure prevents hyper extension of cervical column:

anterior longitudinal ligament

Identify the structure.

C1-C6

through which vertebrae does the vertebral artery run through transverse foramena

vertebral a.

what structure passes through the transverse foramena of vertebrae C1-C6?

nuchal ligament

this structure forms septum in posterior neck and prevents hyperflexion, runs form external occipital protuberance to C7

nuchal ligament

Identify the structure

interspinous ligament

this structure replaces the nuchal ligament below C7 to connect the spinous processes:

supraspinous ligament

this structure connects the tips of the spinous processes

supraspinous ligament

identify the structure

posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

the vertebral artery pierces what structure as it leaves the vertebrae and enters the skull?

investing fascia

this fascial layer of the neck encloses the trapezius and the SCM

superficial fascia

this fascial layer of the neck encloses the platysma muscle

pretracheal fascia

this fascial layer of the neck encloses the trachea, thyroid, parathyroids and esophagus

prevertebral fascia

this fascial layer of the neck encloses most of the muscles of the back (except trapezius), and the vertebrae

alar fascia

this fascial layer of the neck lays between the pretracheal and prevertebral fascia

vagus nerve
internal jugular vein
common carotid artery

what 3 structures the the carotid sheath contain?

investing fascia

identify the fascial layer

posterior auricular v.
retromandibular v.

what two veins join to form the external jugular vein?

external jugular v.

the posterior auricular v. and retromandibular v. join to form the:

sublcavian v.

the internal and external jugular veins empty into what vein?

brachiocephalic v.

the subclavian vein drains into the:

sternocleidomastoid m.

what muscle runs in between the internal and external jugular veins?

external jugular v.

if a patient has a blockage of blood returning to the heart, clinically you may see distention of what structure?

Depresses mandible, draws down the lower lip and the angle of mouth
Tenses skin in anterior neck

platysma m. action

cervical branch of facial nerve (CN VII)

innervation for platysma m.

external jugular vein distention

diagnosis

platysma m.

identify the structure

spinal accessory nerve (XI)

innervation for the trapezius muscle:

Superior part - elevates and upwardly rotates scapula
Middle part - retracts scapula
Inferior part - depresses and rotates scapula superiorly

trapezius m. action

trapezius m.

identify the structure

Both muscles acting together extend head at atlanto-occipital joint, and flex cervical part of vertebral column
Contraction of one muscle moves the face to the opposite side

sternocleidomastoid m. action

sternocleidomastoid m.

identify the structure

motor: spinal accessory n.

innervation for the sternocleidomastoid muscle:

sternocleidomastoid m. (one side becomes shorter than opposite side)

Torticollis or 'twisted neck" or “wry neck” is a result of injury of what muscle?

posterior border of sternocleidomastoid

what structure makes the anterior boarder of the posterior triangle?

anterior boarder of trapezius

what structure makes the posterior boarder of the posterior triangle?

clavicle

what structure makes the inferior boarder of the posterior triangle?

investing fascia

what fascial layer makes the roof of the posterior triangle?

prevertebral fascia

what fascial layer makes the floor of the posterior triangle?

lesser occipital n.

what innervates the cutaneous surface behind the ear?

lesser occipital n.

identify the structure

great auricular n.

identify the structure

transverse cervical n.

identify the structure

supraclavicular n.

identify the structure

great auricular n.

what innervates the cutaneous surface covering the ear down to the mandible?

transverse cervical n.

what innervates the cutaneous surface covering the anterior triangle of the neck?

posterior border of sternocleidomastoid

where is the location of the nerve point of cervical plexus that emerges from the posterior triangle?

lesser occipital n.
great auricular n.
transverse cervical n.
supraclavicular n.

name the 4 nerves that emerge from the nerve point of the cervical plexus that emerges from of the posterior triangle:

posterior triangle

the nerve point of the cervical plexus is located in what triangle of the neck?

C1-C4

which spinal nerves make up the cervical plexus?

C2,C3

which spinal nerves originate the lesser occipital nerve?

C2,C3

which spinal nerves originate the great auricular nerve?

C2,C3

which spinal nerves originate the transverse cervical nerve?

C3,C4

which spinal nerves originate the supraclavicular nerve?

C3,C4,C5

which spinal nerves originate the phrenic nerve?

foramen magnum

the spinal accessory nerves enters the skull via:

jugular foramen

the spinal accessory nerves exits the skull via:

posterior triangle

from emerging from the jugular foramen, what must the spinal accessory nerve cross in order to innervate the trapezius muscle?

SCM and trapezius

what two muscles does the spinal accessory nerve innervate?

ventral

the cervical plexus originates from the _______ primary rami

C1

which cranial nerve does not have an existing dermatome?

cervical plexus

what nerve network supplies the cutaneous surface neck, lower jaw and ear?

dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves

what nerve network supplies the cutaneous surface posterior portion of the scalp and neck?

ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves C1-6

scalene muscles supplied by

trigeminal Nerve (CN V)

what nerve supplies the cutaneous surface of the anterior head and face?

scalene mm.

what muscles originate from the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae used to laterally bend neck, but can also elevate 1st, 2nd rib during heavy respiration?

anterior and middle scalene mm.

which scalene muscles insert onto the 1st rib?

posterior scalene m.

which scalene muscles insert onto the 2nd rib?

brachial plexus
subclavian a.

what two structures will be compressed in Scalene Compression Syndrome?

subclavian v.

which of the following structures is NOT affected by Scalene Compression Syndrome?
-sublcavian artery
-subclavian vein
-brachial plexus

anterior belly of digastric m.
posterior belly of digastric m.
mandible

what structures form the submandibular triangle?

submandibular triangle

name the triangle formed by the following structures:
-anterior belly of digastric muscle
-posterior belly of digastric muscle
-mandible

left and right anterior belly of digastric mm.
hyoid bone

what structures form the mental triangle?

mental triangle

name the triangle formed by the following structures:
-left and right anterior belly of digastric muscles
-hyoid bone

posterior margin of SCM
superior belly of omohyoid muscle
posterior belly of digastric

what structures form the carotid triangle?

carotid triangle

name the triangle formed by the following structures:
-posterior margin of SCM
-superior belly of omohyoid muscle
-posterior belly of digastric

midline
superior belly of omohyoid
SCM

what structures form the muscular triangle?

muscular triangle

name the triangle formed by the following structures:
-midline
-superior belly of omohyoid
-SCM

platysma m.

what is the muscle of facial expression?

cervical branch of facial n.

innervation for the platysma muscle:

mylohyoid
anterior belly digastric
posterior belly digastric
stylohyoid

name the 4 suprahyoid muscles:

thyrohyoid
sternothyroid
sternohyoid
superior & inferior belly of omohyoid

name the 5 infrahyoid muscles:

posterior belly of digastric m.

what suprahyoid muscle attaches to the mastoid process?

stylohyoid m.

what suprahyoid muscle attaches to the styloid process?

anterior belly of digastric m.

what suprahyoid muscle attaches to the mandibular protuberance?

ansa cervicalis

what nerve plexus innervates the infrahyoid muscles