CEE 102 Midterm Exam Images

Pontcysylite Aqueduct

1805

Thomas Telford

The Iron Bridge

1779

Built by Abraham Darby III

Craigellachie Bridge

1814

Thomas Telford

Menai Suspension Bridge

1826

Thomas Telford

Caledonian Canal

1803 start - 1822 finish

Thomas Telford

Separate Condenser 

1769 (patent) 

 James Watt

Watt first steam engine

1769 (patent)

James Watt

Mechanism Reciprocal to Rotary Power

James Watt/Mathew Boulton

1782

Indicator or Pressure Gauge 

1794 

James Watt

Newcomen Engine

Thomas Newcomen

1712

Double acting Rotary Watt Steam engine

1782

James Watt & Matthew Boulton

Steam locomotive (Steam piston, double acting with cross head, horizontal) 

1829

George Stephenson

Steamboat ‘Enterprise’

1814, return trip 1815 (first trip on the Mississippi river)

Henry Miller Shreve (captain)

The Clermont (North River Steamboat)

1807

Robert Fulton

he used the engine that Watt and Button designed

the efficient water motor/turbine 

1848

James B. Francis

Hoover Dam / 1 of 19 Francis Turbines and Generators

1936 (1848 - Francis Turbine)

James. B Francis

Francis Turbine (water Motor) used for spinning or electric power generation

1848

James Francis

Prony Brake

Gaspard de Prony

1826 - inventor

Electromagnet in circuit with copper-zinc batteries and on-off switch (First Horseshoe Electromagnet)

1825

Joseph Henry

Stearns Duplex Idea (Telegraph) 

1872

Joseph B. Stearns

Merrimack Mill, building full of power looms connected to rotating shafts (Water Wheel) 

Lowell Textile Mill Factory

1820s

Paul Moody created power loom

James Francis (Chief Engineer) Water Policeman

Sounding Telegraph (permanent magnet and horseshoe magnet) learned about turns of wire 

1831

 Joseph Henry

Henry’s Strong Electromagnet (750 lbs) goes to galvanic cell 

1831

 Joseph Henry

Water Wheel Driven Power Loom

1786

Edmund Cartwright

Blast Furnace for Smelting Iron 

1709: Abraham Darby I

• coke-fueled blast furnace enabled mass iron production

1828: James Beaumont Neilson

• more efficient by pre-heating air

Thomas Telford first cast-iron arch bridges - 1814

Corliss Centennial Engine

1876

George Henry Corliss

Electromagnetic telegraph

1844 (First message)

Samuel Morse

Gale and Vail help him

Binary Code Patent 

1840

Henry Morse

Old Killingworth Locomotive

1816

George Stephenson

The Lancaster - Swivel truck - American-style locomotive (M.W. Baldwin)

1834

M.W. Baldwin

Consolidation 

1866

Matthias Baldwin

The Rocket 

Robert Stephenson

1829

Clay-Lined Bessemer Converter (removes phosphorous)

1865 - Owned US rights to Bessemer's patent

Alexander Lyman Holley

Steam Engine - Vacuum engine (suction, lifting water by fire) 

• Boiling water at the bottom of flask, steam has pushed all of the air out of flask (Flask = water + steam) 

• Turn off the heater and slide out of the way, start to cool, steam cools and pressure reduces, starts drawing liquid out of the bottom flask. 

• Creates a partial vacuum, cold liquid is drawn up, cooled the flask, process moves much more rapidly and water suddenly spurts all in once vacuum is broken 

• Almost a perfect vacuum, condense steam

• 32 feet you could pull water out of a mine 

Prony Break (with Electric Motor)

• measure the torque output of an engine by applying adjustable frictional resistance to a rotating shaft, absorbing and dissipating the engine's power as heat

• Pull the sensors back, put tension on rope = torque load, measure tension in lower and upper rope

• When spinning = tension is upper one is more than lower. Difference in tension = torque load  

• Spoked drum slides against progressively tightened bands. Friction causes the band and drum to heat up.

• Torque vs. Speed is linear 

• Developed in 1821 by Gaspar Duproni as a device to measure the power of a motor. James Francis used it to calculate the power of his water motors.

Traction Force needed to climb a hill

Force to climb a grade (Traction force(T) = rise/run * weight of locomotive) (Power to climb grade = TV/33,000) 

• Measure locomotive and cars 

• Measure the rise degree needed to be a quarter of the train weight 

• Balance maximum traction available and traction needed to climb 

• If increase weight of locomotive, greater the traction force that you have 

• Find maximum angle before wheels start slipping 

• If you add more weight, not able to handle incline 

• Demonstrate maximum traction.

• Demonstrate challenge of large grade when towing a large load.

• Demonstrate fix by increasing the weight of the locomotive.

• Conclusion 

  • Heavy and powerful locomotives 

  • Low grades (2% is standard)

ARCH versus CABLE Demonstration

• Cable = tension, Arch = compression (opposites)

• Catenary chain hanging from bottom (hyperbolic cosine) 

• While a chain is hanging, flip it over you form a catenary arch 

• 17 blocks with the same shape as the chain

• Purely gravity load (no bending force)

T = 0.97 V^2 Cd A, T is tow-line tension (lbs), V is the boat speed (ft/sec), Cd is the drag coefficient, A is the wetted area (sq-ft)

• Boat in a channel full of water. Weight on an upper and lower pulley 

• Weight falls as you let the boat go. Initially the boat will start to accelerate and then it will reach a steady state 

• Measure tension in string and steady state speed → data point on relationship between force and velocity 

• When drag force balances the weight = steady velocity 

• The graph shows velocity as a function of time. Velocity is increasing linearly in time and then settles 

• From that you get the drag coefficient 

• What Beaufout did in 1800 → Used by Foulton in designing his boat