AP World-Unit 1

Unit 1

A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah

was a Sufi master and poet. A'ishah composed more works in Arabic than any other woman before the twentieth century. Wrote The Principles of Sufism.

Abbasid Caliphate

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258. Scholars, philosophers, doctors, and other thinkers all gathered in this center of trade and cultural development (Baghdad) . The era of the Abbasid Caliphs' construction and rule of Baghdad is known as the Golden Age of Islam.

Animism

The belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects have spirits

Arabic numerals

Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West.

artisans

a worker in a skilled trade, especially one that involves making things by hand.

Axum

The Christian state in Africa that developed its own branch of Christianity, Coptic Christianity, because it was cut off from other Christians due to a large Muslim presence in Africa.

Aztec/Mexica

they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. Mexica is the name they gave themselves.

Baghdad

Capital of Abbasid dynasty - site of the House of Wisdom

Bhakti movement

a movement emphasizing the mutual intense emotional attachment and love of a devotee toward a personal god and of the god for the devotee. Ramananda was the first saint of the movement and founder of the Movement of northern India. The most important social impact of the movement was that the followers of the movement rejected the caste distinction. They began to mix together on the basis of equality. The movement encouraged religious toleration.

Buddhism

the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth

Cahokia

An Indian center for trade in 1200 A.D. that was once located near present-day St. Louis. Cahokia is an example of how advanced peoples had been in the Americas well before the arrival of the colonists in the early 1600's.

it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200. The city was spread out over six square miles and encompassed at least 120 mounds.

Caliphate

an Islamic state under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph, a person considered a political-religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire ummah.

Carpa Nan

during Incan rule, this is a massive roadway system made possible by captive labor, stretched 25,00 miles

Caste System

a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society

Chaco

An urban center established by Anasazi located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.

Champa Rice

acquired by Chinese through trade with Vietnam was a fast-rippening, drought-resistant strain of rice that made a highly productive rice-based agriculture possible in the drier more rugged regions of southern China. Marked a major turning point as frontier region of Yangzi River grew rapidly in population, overtaking traditional centers of Chinese culture in the north.

Chattel Slavery

A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property.

Chinampas

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.

claim/argument

An assertion, usually supported by evidence

Confucianism

The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.

Contextualization

Historical Thinking Skill: Situates historical events, developments, or processes within the broader context in which they occurred to draw conclusions for their significance. example: intro to Star Wars Movies

Continuity and change

An appreciation of the fact that while some aspects of a society stay the same over time (continuity), others will develop and transform (change).

Key Historical concept. Historians recognize that over time some things stay the same but others change.

Cordoba

capital of Muslim Spain, an economic center, hundreds of workshops, culture and learning flourished there

Counterclaim

a position taken by someone with an opposing viewpoint

Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Cuzco

The capital city of the Incan Empire, Located in present-day Peru

Dar Al-Islam

A term meaning "house of Islam" in Arabic. It is the expanse of the Islamic world. In the centuries that followed the death of Muhammad, It stretched from the Iberian Peninsula of Western Europe to the far islands of Southeast Asia.

debt bondage slavery

a person pledges themselves against a loan of money, but the length and nature of service are not defined and are at the discretion at the slaveholder

Delhi Sultanate

The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.

Dhow

Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull.

Feudalism

the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

Filial piety

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.

Foot Binding

Chinese practice of tightly wrapping girls' feet to keep them small, begun in the Tang dynasty; an emphasis on small size and delicacy was central to views of female beauty; example of partriarchy

Fragmented

broken into pieces

Ghana Empire

Traded with caravans and camels across Sahara. Controlled gold: enforcing law that only kings could own gold nuggets and kept location of gold mines secret. Also made gold scarce thus maintaining high prices fell due to expansion northward into Almoravids territory.

Grand Canal

series of waterways in eastern and northern China that link Hangzhou in Zhejiang province with Beijing. Some 1,100 miles (1,800 km) in length, it is the world's longest man-made waterway. built to enable successive Chinese regimes to transport surplus grain from the agriculturally rich Yangtze (Chang) and Huai river valleys to feed the capital cities and large standing armies in northern China.

Great Zimbabwe

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.

Griots

Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire

Gupta Empire

Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism

Hausa Kingdom/ Hausaland

a group of small independent city-states in northern central Africa between the Niger River and Lake Chad which flourished from the 15th to 18th century CE. The cities prospered thanks to local and interregional trade in such commodities as salt, precious metals, leather goods, and slaves. Islam was adopted by many of the rulers and elite of the city-states in the 14th and 15th century

Heian Period

The era in Japanese history from A.D. 794-1185, arts and writing flourished during this time

Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

Historical development

illustrates how individuals and/or events contributed to changes and development of ideas and concepts

Historical process

Interactions among people, places, and events throughout history

House of Wisdom

located in Baghdad, center of advancement and education during Islamic Golden Age

human sacrifice

Killing of humans for a purpose like worshiping a god, practiced widely by the Aztecs and a little by the Maya

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.

Ibn Khaldun

A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations - strong, weak, dissolute.

Imperial Bureaucracy

system to run centralized gov't, comprised of educated scholar-gentry

Inca

a member of the small group of Quechuan people living in the Cuzco valley in Peru who established hegemony (dominance) over their neighbors to create the great Inca empire that lasted from about 1100 until the Spanish conquest in the early 1530s

Indian Ocean Trade

connected to Europe, Africa, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion.

Jizya

Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim empire

Justify

Give valid reasons or evidence to support an answer or conclusion.

Khmer Empire

powerful state in South East Asia, formed by people of the same name, lasting from 802 CE to 1431 CE. At its peak, the empire covered much of what today is Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and southern Vietnam. Angkor, in present-day Cambodia, was the site of the capital city during the empire's zenith. The majestic monuments of Angkor, such as Angkor Wat and Bayon, bear testimony to the Khmer Empire's immense power and wealth, impressive art and culture, architectural technique, aesthetics achievements, and the variety of belief systems that it patronised over time.

Kin-based networks

families governed themselves

kowtow

a former Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission

Mahayana Buddhism

"Great Vehicle," . believe in a multitude of heavens, hells and descriptions of nirvana and have great reverence for Bodhisattvas "Buddhist "saints" on the verge of nirvana who stopped short of attaining it, so, like Buddha, they could teach their method to others.

Majapahit

13th-16th C. central Java, rose in the wake of mongol invasions. biggest and most powerful SE Asian island state in history. control almost all of what is today indonesia. golden age of Java culture.

Mali Empire

Formed in 1240 when Sundiata took control of Ghana Empire. It controlled trade across Sahara, the South and the Niger River.

Mali, Ghana, Songhai

West African kingdoms that gained wealth through the trade of gold, salt and ivory at different times in Africa

Mamluk Sultanate

- A political unit in Egypt established by Mamluks

- Defeated the Mongols and the Ayyubid Sultanate

- Did not set up a consistent, hereditary line of succession, which hurt them greatly

- Failed to adapt to new warfare and were eventually defeated by the Ottomans, who brought guns

- Disinterest in trade also contributed to their downfall

Manorial system

an economic system in the Middle Ages that was built around large estates called manors

Mansa Musa

Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.

Matrilineal

relating to a social system in which family descent and inheritance rights are traced through the mother

Maya City states

Classical culture in Southern Mexico and Central America; contemporary with Teotihuacan; extended over broad region; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical system, mathematical system; highly developed region.

Meritocracy

a system in which promotion is based on individual ability or achievement

Mesa Verde

The largest complex of Anasazi cliff-dwellings in the United States Southwest located in Colorado, built between about AD 1150 and AD 1300. after primarily living on the mesa top for 600 years, many Ancestral Puebloans began living in pueblos they built beneath the overhanging cliffs. By the late 1270s, the population began migrating south into present-day New Mexico and Arizona. By 1300, the Ancestral Puebloan occupation of Mesa Verde ended.

Mesoamerica

A geographic region in the western hemisphere that was home of the Mayan and Aztec civilizations.

Mississippian

the last Mound Builder culture that lasted from AD 800 to the arrival of the Europeans in the 1500s.

Mita System

economic system in Incan society where people paid taxes with their labor and what they produced

Moche Civilization

(Also known as the Mochica) flourished along the northern coast and valleys of ancient Peru, in particular, in the Chicama and Trujilo, Valleys, between 1 CE and 800 CE

Mohammed

570-632. Born in Mecca, died in Medina. Founder of Islam. Regarded by Muslims as a prophet of God. Teachings make up the Qu'ran, the Muslim holy book.

Mongols

Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph

Mound Builders

native american civilizations of the eastern region of north america that created distinctive earthen works that served as elaborate burial places

Nasir al-Din-al Tusi

influential figures in Islamic intellectual history. He was a scientist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, and theologian. He created ingenious mathematical models for use in astronomy. provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system. He is often considered the creator of trigonometry as a mathematical discipline

Neo-Confucianism

A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements

nuclear family

a couple and their dependent children, regarded as a basic social unit. - common in Vietnam during the 1200-1450 period vd the extended family seen in China

Olmecs

(1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization,lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, carried on trade with other groups.priests/aristocrats were at the top of society, built a ceremonial center, wroshiped the jaguar and werejaguar, best remains are the stone carved heads at la venta, use of calendar, spread through trade, known for art, most important legacy was priestly leadership and devotion

Pachacuti

Inca ruler (1438-1471); began the military campaigns that marked the creation of an Inca empire.

People of the Book

what Muslims called Christians and Jews which means that they too only believe in one god

Polygyny

a form of marriage in which men have more than one wife

Primary Source

An original document containing the observations, ideas, and conclusions of an individual. It is a firsthand account presented by someone present or actively participating in the event.

proselytize

to persuade someone to convert to a faith, belief, or cause

Proto-industrialization

preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers became full- or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants

Quipu

An arrangement of knotted strings on a cord, used by the Inca to record numerical information.

Rajput Kingdoms

set of kingdoms in India that arose after the fall of the Gupta dynasty

Scholar-gentry

The Chinese class of well-educated men from whom many bureaucrats were chosen

Secondary Source

A secondhand account of an event or a retelling of another person's observations written by someone who did not witness or actually participate in the events.

Seljuk Empire

11th and 12th century centered in Persia and present day Iraq. Turkic rulers began to claim Muslim title of Sultan rather than Turkic kaghan, Although Abbasid caliph remained the formal ruler, real power was exercised by Turkic sultans. they not only became Muslim but also carried Islam to new areas as well.

Seljuk Turks

nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly

Serfdom

A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medieval Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.

Silk Road

Connected China, India, and the Middle East. Traded goods and helped to spread culture.

Song Dynasty

During this Chinese dynasty (960 - 1279 AD) China saw many important inventions. There was a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with India and Persia (brought pepper and cotton); paper money, gun powder; landscape black and white paintings

Songhai Kingdom

Largest African trading kingdom during its time; Helped rebel against Mali; only lasted for about 100 years