8/19 - General Toxic Principles

Regulatory

What division of toxicology involves toxicological testing for regulatory approval, in-vitro tests, in-vivo tests, testing of various animal species including the target species, and regulation by government agencies such as the FDA and EPA?

Clinical

Which division of toxicology involves study of different effects across dosages, duration times, and routes of exposure, plus species differences in response to various factors? It also involves the study of intoxication (concentration x exposure).

Toxin

What is the term for a toxic substance produced by biological systems like plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria?

Toxicant

What is the term for a toxic substance produced by human-made activities? They include heavy metals, pesticides, and solvents.

Dose-response

What relationship, also called the exposure-response relationship, determines the toxic effects of a substance on an organism?

Normal

Undesirable effects from what type of exposure refer to therapeutic drugs causing side-effects (diphenhydramine, antibiotics), with a variable spectrum of effects?

Accidental

Undesirable effects from what type of exposure refer to animals accidentally intaking chemicals (mycotoxins)? This always leads to adverse effects and involves a variable spectrum of effects.

A

Which type of adverse drug reactions are also called augmented and are related to known pharmacology? They are common and dose-related and are predictable. Anticoagulants causing hemorrhage, opioids causing respiratory depression, and anxiolytics causing sedation are some examples.

B

Which type of adverse drug reactions are also called bizarre and are unrelated to known pharmacology? They are rare, unpredictable, and may include genetic predispositions. Anaphylaxis with penicillin, allergic liver damage with halothane, and bone marrow depression with chloramphenicol are some examples.

Allergic

Which drug reactions are caused by hypersensitivity or sensitization reactions involving a hapten-protein complex called an allergen? They involve many organ systems and are mainly cutaneous in dogs and cats.

Urticaria

In addition to angioedema, what cutaneous allergy reaction can occur due to penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, vitamin K, ivermectin, and moxidectin?

Pruritus

What cutaneous allergy reaction can occur due to methimazole, antibiotics, NSAIDs, and opioids?

Erythema

What cutaneous allergy reaction can occur due to sulphonamides, cephalexin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, penicillin, levamisole, and levo-thyroxine?

Idiosyncratic

Which drug reactions refer to genetically determined abnormal responses to a chemical? Response will be qualitatively similar in all individuals and there will be extreme sensitivity to low concentrations. Onset of toxicity can be variable and examples include carprofen hepatotoxicity in dogs, penicillin reactions, and sulphonamide effects on some dogs.

Phenylbutazone

What drug can cause aplastic anemia?

Fenbendazole

What drug can cause pancytopenia and bone marrow necrosis?

Flucytosine

What drug can cause skin eruptions, depigmentation, and ulcerations?

Griseofulvine

What drug can cause pancytopenia or neutropenia?

Meloxicam

What drug can cause vasculitis with ulcers, vesicles, and erosions?

Sulphonamides

What drugs can cause hepatopathy, blood dyscrasia, and skin eruptions?

Immediate

Which type of toxicity refers to effects developing rapidly after a single administration of the substance?

Delayed

Which type of toxicity refers to toxic effects occurring after a lapse of some time? In humans this can refer to carcinogenic chemicals, and in animals it can refer to plant alkaloids in cattle and horses, oleander in cattle, and organophosphate neurotoxicity.

High

Does the liver have a high or low regenerative capacity after intoxication?

Low

Do the CNS and neuronal tissue have a high or low regenerative capacity after intoxication?

No

Are carcinogenic and teratogenic effects from toxicity reversible effects?

Local

Which type of toxicity refers to that occurring at the site of first contact, such as ingestion of caustic or irritant substances? Contact hypersensitivity in dogs and cats is an example of this.

Systemic

Which type of toxicity requires absorption and distribution after exposure, such as to the brain, cardiovascular system, and visceral organs?