APUSH Period 3

French and Indian War

Conflict over the Ohio River Valley between France and Britain, Britain wins. Prequel to the revolution.

Jesuits

French Catholic priests traveling and mapping the new world

Salutary Neglect

colonies are allowed to have autonomy to an extent as long as they continue to be profitable to the mother country.

Washington in the 7 years war

a young British army officer fighting for England. learns how to lead an army and conduct war.

Albany Congress

1754 meeting of many of the colonies in response to the threat of war between britain and france. first attempt at colonial unity (not independence)

Pontiac’s rebellion

native american uprising against the British in the ohio river valley. stopped when leaders were gifted blankets infected with smallpox in an early form of biological warfare.

Proclamation of 1763

banned colonization in the ohio river valley because the british didn’t want conflict with the natives. the colonists go anyways because they feel like they are entitled to it because they helped win the war and there are no consequences.

radical whigs

British political party that was threatened by the absolute power of the monarchy

mercantilism

colonies exist to benefit the mother country

sugar act of 1764

lowered the tax on foreign imports, which forced the colonies to lower their prices, cutting into colonial profit. also made it very hard to smuggle

navigation law of 1650

the colonies couldn’t trade with nations other than Britain. wasn’t widely enforced until 1763

no taxation without representation

slogan expressing the colonial sentiment that it was unfair to tax them if they didn’t have representation in parliament.

virtual representation

since the colonists are British men, and the parliament represents all of Britain everywhere, then the colonies are represented. British response to the colonial desire for representation in parliament.

republicanism ideals

democracy, equality, suffrage, being a member of a productive society

stamp act congress of 1765

27 delegates from 9 colonies meet to write a series of complaints against Britain. ignored by Britain

Sons of Liberty

radical and often violent group known for tar and feathering British sympathizers and scaring people into rebelling

Samuel Adams

prominent leader of the sons of liberty

John Hancock

colonist who made a fortune off of illegal trade with the Netherlands. uses his influence to get people more upset about the taxes.

Townshend Acts 1767

tax on glass, lead, paper, paint, tea, and more. causes increased smuggling, non importation agreements are revived, and the british send more troops to the colonies

Boston Massacre

angry colonists begin to mass around redcoats and a soldier misheard a direction, and they opened fire. only five people died, but the americans called it a massacre,

nonimportation agreements

colonists agreed to boycott british goods in protest of the townshend acts and stamp act etc

Boston Tea Party

Sons of Liberty dress up as native americans and dump the equivalent of a million dollars of tea into the Boston Harbor

Committees of Correspondence

Colonial networks of communication to coordinate resistance against the british. nonviolent

Intolerable Acts

Result of the Boston Tea Party

1. Boston Port Act (shuts down Boston Harbor)

2. New Quartering Act

3. Quebec Act

First Continental Congress

response to intolerable acts. colonial delegates from 12 colonies met in the most unified colonial response yet.

Lexington and Concord

colonial militia pushed back redcoats marking the start of military conflict.

Second Continental Congress

produces the olive branch petition and later the declaration of independence.

Olive Branch Petition

olonies want to negotiate a peaceful solution, but Britain rejects this as they already crossed the line at Lexington and Concord. rejected

declaration of independence

second continental congress. founding document, not a governing document.

Marquis de Lafayette

young french aristocrat in the revolutionary war.

George Washington

military general and later first president. unofficial federalist.

Thomas Jefferson

Washington’s secretary of state and later third president. supports a strict interpretation of the constitution. democratic-republican

Alexander Hamilton

Washington’s secretary of treasury. supports a loose interpretation of the constitution. federalist.

John Adams

Washington’s vice president and later second president. federalist.

Battle of Saratoga

US defeats the British in a turning point battle. causes the french to officially join the war in support of the colonies.

Battle of Yorktown

last significant battle of the war. US wins with heavy French naval support. Britain chooses to surrender.

Treaty of Paris 1783

American Independence and they get everything westward to the Mississippi river. England doesn’t leave their forts on the western border.

Republican Motherhood

women were responsible for raising up the next generation of Americans to carry on the revolutionary ideals.

Articles of Confederation

the first constitution of the US. limited by design with the states retaining sovereignty and the federal government being too weak to do many things.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

banned slavery in the Ohio River Valley, set aside land for public schools. one of the few positive things under the AOC

Shays’ Rebellion

armed uprising of farmers led by Daniel Shays in Massachusetts over high taxes, debt, and property foreclosures. exposed the weakness of the AOC, as the federal government had no way to stop it since they couldn’t raise an army.

Constitution

The governing document of the US. made in response to the AOC, and was strong where it was weak.

James Madison

4th president, federalist.

Great Compromise

agreement at the constitutional convention that formed the senate and the house of representatives.

Federalists

supported a strong central government proposed in the constitution

anti federalists

feared central power and demanded protection for individual rights, which led to the bill of rights

three fifths compromise

determined that enslaved people would count as three fifths of a person when calculating a state’s population for representation in the House of Representatives and for taxation purposes

the federalist papers

helped secure the ratification of the constitution

assumption of state debts

part of Alexander Hamilton’s financial plan in the early 1790s. He proposed that the federal government take over (assume) the debts that individual states had accumulated during the Revolutionary War. This would strengthen national credit, bind the states more closely to the federal government, and show the world that the U.S. honored its obligations.

elastic clause

gives the government the ability to stretch its power beyond what is explicitly stated in the constitution.

Whiskey Rebellion

uprising of farmers in Pennsylvania protesting a tax on whiskey. quickly stopped when George Washington personally led troops to stop it. proved that the government is effective under the constitution.

Proclamation of Neutrality

declared the US would be neutral in the conflict between Britain and France

Washington’s farewell address

• reinforces neutrality

• political parties are bad

• sets a precedent for a two term limit

election of 1796

John Adams wins

Pseudo War with France

Adams allows merchant ships to fight back if attacked.

XYZ Affair

anonymous french diplomats try to bribe US diplomats before they even start to negotiate.

Alien and Sedition Acts

example of liberty vs security. the federal government acts undemocratically to protect democracy.

Alien Act

president has the right to deport or imprison immigrants from an enemy nation in times of war without due process

Sedition Act

cannot criticize the government in any way.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

response to the alien and sedition acts led by Jefferson and Madison. states have the power to reject laws if they want to.

election of 1800

Thomas Jefferson elected and a precedent for a peaceful transfer of power between parties is set.