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motivation
the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met.
extrinsic motivation
type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person.
intrinsic motivation
type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner.
instincts
the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals.
instinct theory
approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by insticts similar to those of animals.
need
a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism
drive
a psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension
drive-reduction theory
approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal
primary drives
those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst
acquired (secondary) drives
those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval
homeostasis
the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state
need for achievement
a need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones
need for affiliation
the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others
need for power
the need to have control or influence over others
stimulus motive
a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity
optimum arousal theory
theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation
sensation seeker
someone who needs more arousal than the average person
incentives
things that attract or lure people into action
incentive approaches
theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties
self-actualization
according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential
peak experiences
according to Maslow, times in a person's life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved
weight set point
the particular level of weight the body tries to maintain
emotion
the "feeling" aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings
James-Lange theory of emotion
theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion. I am afraid because I am shaking
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time. I am shaking and afraid at the same time
Schachter's cognitive arousal theory/
Singer and Schachter's Two Factor
theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced. That huge bear is dangerous and that makes me feel afraid
facial feedback hypothesis
theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion
positive psychology movement
a viewpoint that recommends shifting the focus of psychology away from the negative aspects to a more positive focus on strengths, well-being, and the pursuit of happiness
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Humanist theory of motivation that says we must first fulfill lower level needs before achieving personal fulfillment and self actualization
Physiological-Safety-Belongingness and Love-Esteem-Cognitive-Self Actualization
ventromedial hypothalamus
stops the eating response; lets us know we are full
if damaged, we would continue to eat
lateral hypothalamus
The part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals
Ghrelin
hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain
Leptin
hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used
sexual response cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
sexual orientation
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)
Testosterone
the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
Estrogen
A sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
binge eating disorder
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa
achievement motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard
evolutionary psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
refractory period
a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
