Chemistry Final Exam Review

A pt that shows an increase in the alpha and beta regions plus a foamy region indicates what?

Nephrotic Syndrome 

What is a chloride shift the balance of?

Chloride and Bicarbonate

What nonprotein nitrogen is in the highest concentration in healthy individuals?

Urea 

What is a substance that is cancer causing?

Carcinogenic 

What does CK-MB activity on an electrophoresis indicate?

AMI 

What substance binds to calcium where it can’t be absorbed?

Phosphate

What is the first surface marker that tells that you have hepatitis?

HBsAg

At mid morning blood glucose levels fall and stimulate the production of what?

Glucagon 

What is the purpose of a sweat chloride/electrolyte test?

Diagnose Cystic Fibrosis 

What is the confirmatory test for HIV?

Western Blot

List the order of cardiac enzymes during a myocardial infarction: 

Myoglobin, CK-MB, Troponin 

What 2 proteins will be decreased in hemolytic anemia?

Haptoglobin and Complement

35 year old female taking antibiotics for a UTI caused by E. coli began experiencing classic signs of drug-induced hemolytic anemia, what test is used?

G6PD 

List the order of serum protein migration: 

Albumin, Alpha1, Alpha2, Beta, Gamma 

Urinary increased 17-hyroxycorticosteroid and increased 24 hour urine for cortisol with a buffalo hump incites what?

Cushing’s Disease 

Icteric(brown) sample indicates what?

Excess BIlirubin

What CK isoenzyme is the major fraction in a healthy individual?

CK-MM

Increased LD-4 or LD-5 indicates what?

Hepatitis

What is the pH for cellulose acetate electrophoresis?

8.6

Male presents with nausea, vomiting, weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, jaundice, hx of chart reveals alcoholism, and the SPE shows a beta gamma bridge what does this indicate?

Cirrhosis 

What does Reye’s Syndrome care in a child?

Encephalopathy

What organ are ammonia levels associated with?

Liver

36 year old pregnant female presents with possible liver disease, what test would be lest useful for diagnosis?

LD

What test is useful in differentiating between IDA and Thalassemia?

Ferritin

What is the smallest and most dense lipoprotein?

HDL 

What test issued to monitor the average glucose within the last 2-3 months?

HbA1C

What is another name for HbA1c?

Glycosylated Hemoglobin

What 2 hormones are responsible for testosterone production?

FSH and LH

What is the classic method for testing total protein?

Biurett

What is the most active form of thyroid hormone?

T3

What is the 2 hour postprandial glucose value that indicates diabetes?

> or equal to 200

What is the measurement of free calcium?

Ionized Calcium

What analyte will remain increased about a week after acute pancreatitis?

Lipase

Will HsCRP be increased or decreased in cardiovascular disease?

Increased

What 3 hormones regulates calcium?

Vitamin D, Calcitonin, PTH 

What hormone stimulates milk production after delivery?

Oxytocin

In a suspected case of tetany, what do you look at?

Calcium

What ISE is universally used in the lab?

pH

What electrolyte would be grossly elevated in a hemolytic sample?

Potassium

In IDA what protein should be elevated?

Transferrin

Increased PCO2; Decreased PO2 and pH

Respiratory Acidosis

Increased PCO2 and pH; Decreased PO2

Respiratory Alkalosis

Decreased PCO2; Increased PO2 and pH 

Nonrespiratory (metabolic) Alkalosis

Decreased PCO2 and pH; Increased pO2

Nonrespiratory (metabolic) Acidosis

Porphyrins are chemical intermediates in the synthesis of what?

Heme

What does it mean when a specimen appears clear and has a pink/red tint to the plasma/serum layer after centrifugation?

Hemolyzed 

What chemical causes injury to eyes or skin by direct contact or to the respiratory tract by inhalation?

Corrosive

What chemical affects cellular development in embryo or fetus?

Teratogen

Gradual change in the mean or QC data:

Trend

Abrupt change in the mean or QC data:

Shift

System that encompasses pre analytical, analytical, and post analytical factors:

Quality Assurance

Component of QA; System for recognizing and minimizing analytical errors:

Quality Control

Closeness to the true value:

Accuracy

The closeness of results when tested more than one time:

Precision

Term given to the total value for a healthy population:

Reference Interval

Type of analytical error which occurs due to unforeseen circumstances: 

Random Error 

Type of analytical errors which occurs due to a constant difference in procedure: 

Systematic Error 

Current patient result is compared to previous patient results to determine if a drastic change has occurred from day to day: 

Delta Check 

Formula for Serum Osmolality:

(2x(Na+K))+(BUN/2.8)+(glucose/18)

What is used to determine significant changes in DNA?

Southern Blot

What is Northern Blot used for?

Detects mRNA

What is the gold standard for molecular applications?

PCR

What is indicated when there is a significant peak in the gamma region?

Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Disease 

An increase in the alpha1, alpha2, and beta regions indicates what?

Inflammation 

Where there is no peak in the alpha1 region what is indicated?

alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency

What is the method used for creatinine?

Jaffe Reaction

What test is used for hepatic and bone disorders, but mostly bone disorders?

ALP

What substance will inhibit the prostatic fraction of acid phosphatase?

Tartrate

What is the primary hormone that is responsible for increasing glucose levels and is released during stress/fasting states?

Glucagon

What electrolyte affects osmolality the most?

Sodium

Total O2 in blood and is the sum of the O2 bound to hemoglobin and the amount dissolved in the plasma:

Oxygen Content

What two analyses are associated with maintaining the buffering capacity of the blood?

Bicarbonate and Chloride

What stimulates the secretion of TSH and prolactin?

TRH

What is the method used for bilirubin?

Jendrassik-Grof

Levels of cortisol in a normal person are increased in the morning and decreased at night is indications of?

Diurnal Variation 

What diseases symptoms resemble Cushing’s Syndrome?

Type 1 Diabetes

What hormone causes an increase of basal body temperature?

Progesterone

What is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism?

Graves Disease

What is the name of the disorder also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis?

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

What are the 2 active forms of thyroid hormone?

T3 and T4

What thyroid hormone is more active?

T3

What test is more sensitive in diagnosing metastatic liver disease?

5’Nucelotidase 

What substances are synthesized by the liver?

Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates

What three conditions will result in an increase in CRP?

Inflammation, Injury, Infection