Biodiversity

Ecosystem Diversity

Variety of ecosystems within a region

Species diversity/species richness

variety of species within an ecosystem

Genetic diversity

variety of genes among individuals of a species

Bottleneck effect

If population decreases DRASTICALLY(bottleneck), some genotypes will be lost and the survivors will have different adaptations(genetic composition)

Founder Effect

A FEW individuals from a mainland population colonize an island, then the genotypes on the island will only represent a small group of the genotypes in the mainland population. Some genotypes will not be present in the new population.

Range of tolerance

limits to the abiotic conditions that a species can tolerate

Fundamental niche

the suite of abiotic conditions where species can thrive

Realized niche

the range of abiotic and biotic conditions where species live in

Niche generalist

A species that can live under a wide range of conditions(abiotic and biotic)

Niche Specialist

a species that can only live in a specific habitat or can only feed on a limited group of species

Supporting ecosystem services

Soil formation, biodiversity, primary production, habitat

Provisioning ecosystem services

Food and fiber, wood, clean water, medicinals

Regulating ecosystem services

Climate regulation, pollination of crops, store carbon, control flooding

Cultural ecosystem services

inspiration, recreation, education, aesthetic

Closer Island

Higher colonization rate, species look more like mainland species

Farther Island

Lower colonization rate, species look different from mainland species

Small island

fewer resources, fewer species supported, greater rate of extinction

Large island

more resources, more species supported, lower rate of species extinction

Responses to Natural disruptions

migration(behavioral modification/adaptation), adapt(survival fittest), die(decline in numbers)

Microevolution

evolution below species level(change in gene frequency)

Macroevolution

evolution that gives rise to new species, genera, families, classes, etc.

Evolution: Five Random Processes

mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, bottleneck effect, founder effect

Primary succession

starts from scratch, no soil; no bottom sediment in aquatic system. Can also take place after human caused disruptions

Pioneer species

early successional plant species, first to inhabit a severely disturbed area, during primary succession. Usually serve to breakdown rock and help produce soil.

Secondary succession

has starting soil, has undergone some degree of disturbance

Indicator species

Usually the first species to respond to an environmental change- indicating a change is occurring.

Keystone species

Some species have a larger impact on the functioning of the ecosystem.

relative abundance/species evenness

number of individuals in each species .calculated
by finding the quotient of the number of one species and the total number of individuals

provisioning service- what is it(not examples)

provides some good/product that humans can make use of

regulating service- what is it(no examples)

natural ecosystems help to regulate environmental conditions

cultural service- what is it(no examples)

natural ecosystems provide an aesthetic benefit

supporting service- what is it(no examples)

natural ecosystems provide services that support other biotic factors

ecological resilience

ability of the ecosystem to return to normal after an ecological disturbance

ecological resistance

ability of the ecosystem to resist damage from an ecological disturbance

climax community

late successional species and generally includes all trophic levels functioning together

pioneer community

early successional species such as lichens, mosses, grasses, annuals, bushes and shrubs