Poultry Nutrition Pat 1

Gallus domesticus

Domestic hen species, domesticated since 2000 B.C.

Jungle Fowl

Common ancestor of domestic chickens, found in Southeast Asia.

Broilers

Chickens raised specifically for meat production.

FCR

Feed Conversion Ratio; feed needed per weight gain.

56-day body weight

Weight of broilers at 56 days, measured in grams.

Egg production

Process of laying eggs, influenced by nutrition.

Nutritional needs

Essential dietary requirements for poultry health.

Greenhouse gas emissions

Environmental impact reduced by modern egg production.

Protein source

Eggs provide high-quality protein and essential nutrients.

Digestive system

Processes food for digestion and nutrient absorption.

Digestion

Breakdown of complex compounds into absorbable units.

Absorption

Nutrient passage into bloodstream from digestive cells.

Laying hens

Chickens raised for egg production.

Nutrient needs

Varied dietary requirements across poultry life stages.

Growth rates

Speed of weight gain affecting nutritional requirements.

Commercial poultry

Poultry raised for profit in the industry.

Cost-effective

Affordable source of nutrition for various age groups.

Nutritional composition

Unique blend of nutrients in poultry meat and eggs.

Water usage

32% less water needed for egg production since 1960.

Feed efficiency

Reduction in feed needed for egg production over time.

Social pecking order

Hierarchy within flocks, originating from Jungle Fowl.

Jejunum

Main site for digestion and absorption in poultry.

SCFA

Short-chain fatty acids from carbohydrate fermentation.

Butyric Acid

Preferred energy source for intestinal cells.

Volatile Fatty Acids

Includes acetic, valeric, propionic, butyric acids.

Poultry Feeding Standards

Nutrient requirements for different poultry types.

Nutrient Composition

Varies by genetics, age, and sex of birds.

Metabolizable Energy

Key factor in poultry dietary formulation.

Crude Protein

Essential for tissue synthesis and growth.

Lysine

A crucial amino acid in poultry diets.

Methionine

Important amino acid for poultry health.

Calcium Requirements

Different for laying versus growing birds.

Cereal Grains

Major carbohydrate source in poultry diets.

Animal By-Products

Used in poultry feed formulations.

Vitamin Requirements

Organic compounds needed for growth and health.

Mineral Requirements

Inorganic nutrients essential for bodily processes.

Water

Vital for all physiological functions in poultry.

Genetics

Affects nutrient absorption and feed efficiency.

Age

Influences nutrient needs based on maturity.

Sex Differences

Minimal nutrient requirement differences before maturity.

Poultry Diet Composition

Mix of grains, meals, fats, vitamins, minerals.

Feed Cost

Accounts for approximately 70% of production costs.

Hindgut Fermentation

Provides up to 30% energy in pigs, 8% in poultry.

Dietary Formulation

Process to meet all nutrient requirements for growth.

Nutrient Requirements

Varies significantly post sexual maturity.

Reproductive State

Egg production and sexual activity affect nutrient needs.

Ambient Temperature

Cold increases energy needs; heat decreases them.

Housing System

Type influences bird activity and energy requirements.

Health Status

Diseased birds may need increased vitamin intake.

Production Aims

Nutrient composition varies by weight or egg goals.

Cereal and Grains

Main energy sources include maize, rice, and wheat.

Cakes or Oil Meal

Protein sources include soybean and sunflower meals.

Oils and Fats

Vegetable oils preferred over animal fats in diets.

Feed of Animal Origin

Includes meat, fish, and bone meals; restrictions apply.

By-products

Include rice bran, wheat bran, and rice polish.

Minerals and Vitamins

Enriched with calcium, phosphorus, and trace minerals.

Feed Additives

Includes antibiotics, probiotics, and antioxidants.

Exogenous Phytase

Incorporated in over 90% of poultry diets.

Amino Acids

Essential for protein synthesis; limiting in grains.

Phosphorus (P)

Essential mineral; inadequate supply reduces performance.

Phytate

Organic form of phosphorus; reduces bioavailability.

Phytic Acid

Complex form of phosphorus, not digestible by poultry.

Divalent Cations

Phytate chelates these, affecting nutrient absorption.

Bioavailability

Degree to which nutrients can be absorbed.

Anticoccidial Supplements

Used to prevent coccidiosis in poultry.

Feed Flavours

Enhance palatability of poultry feed.

Phytase

Enzyme hydrolyzing phosphate bonds in phytates.

Inorganic Phosphorus (P)

Supplement used to prevent phytate pollution.

E.C. 3.1.3.8

Enzyme classification for phytase activity.

E.C. 3.1.3.26

Enzyme classification for another phosphohydrolase.

Dietary Energy Sources

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins provide energy.

Energy Utilization

Used for activity, heat, or stored as fat.

Excess Energy Storage

Unused energy stored as body fat.

Feed Cost Percentage

Feed accounts for 70% of production costs.

Bioavailable Energy Cost

Bioavailable energy is 70% of feed cost.

Farm Gate Cost

Bioavailable energy is 40% of product cost.

Production Efficiency

Reducing energy costs increases production efficiency.

Feed Intake Relationship

Intake correlates with dietary energy needs.

Lysine Deficiency Compensation

Chicks increase intake to offset lysine shortage.

Calcium Demand in Hens

Increased for eggshell formation in laying hens.

AME

Apparent Metabolizable Energy, measured in MJ/kg.

Gross Energy (GE)

Heat from complete oxidation of food.

Calorimetry

Measures heat produced in kilocalories or joules.

Kilocalorie Definition

Heat to raise 1000g water by 1°C.

Calorie to Kilocalorie

1 calorie equals 1/1000 kilocalories.

Joule Conversion

1 kilocalorie equals 4.184 kilojoules.

Gross Energy Concentration

Fat, protein, and carbs have specific GE values.

Digestible Energy (DE)

Energy absorbed post-digestion in poultry.

Gastrointestinal Digestion

Physical and chemical processes in nutrient absorption.

Cereal Gross Energy

Common cereals have about 18.5 MJ/kg DM.

Undigested Nutrients

Small nutrients voided in excreta.

Digestible Energy (DE)

Energy available after digestion, measured in MJ/kg.

Metabolizable Energy (ME)

Energy available after urine and feces losses.

Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AME)

Difference between digestible energy and urine energy.

ME Correction for Nitrogen

Adjusts ME based on nitrogen retention in birds.

Net Energy (NE)

Energy available for maintenance and production.

Net Energy for Maintenance (NEm)

Energy required to maintain body functions.

Net Energy for Production (NEp)

Energy used for growth and reproduction.

Gross Energy (GE)

Total energy content of feed before losses.

Energy Losses in Urine

Energy lost as nitrogenous wastes in urine.