Life Science ch 10

What building blocks form a DNA molecule?

A)  amino acids

B)  nucleotides

C)  fatty acid chains

D) polysaccharides

B) nucleotides

Which nitrogenous base pairs with guanine in a DNA molecule?

A)  adenine

B)  cytosine

C)  thymine

D) uracil

B) cytosine

What molecule would be encoded by a DNA sequence?

A)  fat

B)  monosaccharide

C)  nitrogenous base

D)  protein

D) protein

What determines the structure of a protein?

A) the number of nucleic acids it contains

B)  the sequence of the amino acids it contains

C)  the function of the monosaccharides it contains

D)  the number of fatty acids it contains

B) the sequence of the amino acids it contains

What nitrogenous bases are found in ribonucleic acid (RNA)?

A)  adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine

B)  adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil

C)  adenine, guanine, thymine, and uracil

D)  cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil

B) adenine,cytosine, guanine,and uracil

Which molecule remains in the nucleus during protein synthesis?

A)  DNA

B)  tRNA

C)  mRNA

D)  rRNA

A) DNA

What sequence of molecules are used during protein synthesis?

A)  Protein → RNA → DNA

B)  RNA → DNA → protein

C)  DNA → RNA → protein

D) RNA → protein → DNA

C) DNA → RNA → protein

Which complementary base pairings occur between DNA and RNA?

A)  A to T and C to G

B)  T to C and A to G

C)  G to C and A to U

D)  C to U and A to T

C) G to C and A to U

What process produces a complementary RNA sequence from a DNA sequence template?

A) mutation

B)  replication

C)  transcription

D)  translation

C) transcription

Which RNA molecule carries the nucleotide sequence responsible for the amino acid sequence in proteins?

A) transfer RNA

B)  ribosomal RNA

C)  messenger RNA

D)  translator RNA

C) messenger RNA

What nucleotide sequence, at the beginning of each gene, binds with RNA polymerase to start transcription?

A)  anticodon

B)  promoter

C)  ribosomal RNA

D) structural gene

B) promoter

Which molecule is not directly involved in the process of translation?

A)  ribosome

B)  tRNA

C)  mRNA

D) structural gene

B) tRNA

What process resulted in a dramatic increase in milk production in modern dairy cows?

A)  the insertion of beta carotene in the cow genome

B)  the use of recombinant bovine growth hormone

C)  frameshift mutations in the DNA of the cows

D)  the use of gene guns to insert new genes into the cow mammary tissues

B) the use of recombinant bovine growth hormone

Which structure is found in the nucleotides of DNA but not in RNA?

A)  a sugar

B)  a phosphate group

C)  deoxyribose

D)  a nitrogen-containing base

C) deoxyribose

How does RNA differ from DNA?

A) RNA is contained in the nucleus.

B)  RNA doesn't contain a sugar.

C)  RNA is single-stranded.

D)  RNA takes part in transcription.

C) RNA is single-stranded

When genes are copied (in transcription), what form does the resulting copy take?

A)  complementary strand of DNA

B)  strand of mRNA

C)  molecule of tRNA

D) palindrome

B) strand of mRNA

Which molecule serves as the template during transcription?

A)  DNA

B)  mRNA

C)  tRNA

D) polymerase

A) DNA

Which molecule serves as the template during translation?

A)  DNA

B)  mRNA

C)  tRNA

D) polymerase

B) mRNA

What is the function of tRNA molecules during translation?

A) They unzip double-stranded mRNA.

B)  They serve as the starting point for RNA polymerase.

C)  They carry amino acids to the ribosome.

D)  They encode the instructions for protein synthesis.

Which structure always contains three nucleotides?

A)  tRNA

B)  an anticodon

C)  mRNA

D)  ribosome

B) an anticodon

What signal, when present at the ribosome, causes protein synthesis to end?

A)  DNA

B)  tRNA

C)  a stop codon

D)  RNA polymerase

C) a stop codon

What type of mutation produces no significant change in a functional protein?

A)  frameshift mutation

B)  substitution mutation

C)  point mutation

D)  neutral mutation

D) neutral mutation

A neutral mutation changes the codon CUU to CUC, which still codes for leucine. What characteristic allows more than one codon to encode the same amino acid?

A)  differences in eukaryotic and prokaryotic transcription

B)  mutations in the genetic code

C)  the redundancy of the genetic code

D)  the universality of DNA

C) the redundancy of the genetic code

How does gene expression differ in muscle and nerve cells?

A)  Different enzymes are used to unzip the DNA in each type of cell.

B)  Muscle cells and nerve cells express different subsets of the same genes.

C)  Nerve cells create more proteins than muscle cells do.

D)  Ribosomes attach immediately as mRNA is transcribed in muscle cells.

B) Muscle cells and nerve cells express different subsets of the same genes

What DNA sequence is complementary to CGGTGAACTGTA?

A)  CGGTGAACTGTA

B)  CGGUGAACUGUA

C)  GCCACTTGACAT

D)  GCCACUUGACAU

C) GCCACTTGACAT

According to the figure, what difference is shown between DNA and RNA?

A)  the type of nitrogen-containing base

B)  the presence of a phosphate group

C)  the presence of a sugar

D)  the presence of guanine

A) the type of nitrogen-containing base

What sequence of mRNA is made from the gene GCATTACAGGTC?

A)  CGTAATGTCCAG

B)  CGUAAUGUCCAG

C)  GCATTACAGGTC

D)  GCAUUACAGGUC

B) CGUAAUGUCCAG

Which polymer is made of nucleotides?

A)  nuclease

B)  mRNA

C)  proline

D)  RNA polymerase

B) mRNA

Which structure "unzips" the double helix of DNA during transcription?

A)  an anticodon

B)  mRNA

C)  tRNA

D)  RNA polymerase

D) RNA polymerase

What situation results from a frameshift mutation?

A)  One or two nucleotides are added or deleted in a DNA strand.

B)  Amino acids are assembled into normal, functional proteins.

C)  The DNA is always modified in such a way that protein synthesis is prevented.

D) An amino acid is substituted with a similar one that has no effect on protein synthesis.

A) One or two nucleotides are added or deleted in a DNA strand

How are proteins changed to become recombinant proteins? A)

A)  from chemicals in the lab

B)  by genetically modified bacteria

C)  more potent or more highly concentrated before their use

D) directly from deoxyribonucleic acids, thus bypassing transcription and translation

B) by genetically modified bacteria

What term describes all the genes in an organism?

A)  palindrome

B)  genome

C)  genetic code

D)  reading frame

B) genome

What are the "highly specific molecular scissors" that cut DNA?

A)  plasmids

B)  anticodons

C)  codons

D)  restriction enzymes

D) restriction enzymes

What possible harmful environmental effects are of concern regarding GM crops?

A)  the decreased use of herbicides when GM crops are herbicide-resistant

B)  the transfer of genetically modified genes to weedy relatives

C)  the reduction of genetic diversity in all crops

D)  an increase in allergic reactions in sensitive humans

B) the transfer of genetically modified genes to weedy relatives

Why have tomatoes been genetically modified?

A)  to improve absorption of vitamins in the human body

B)  to grow rapidly before temperatures become too warm

C)  to kill insect pests on contact

D)  to increase flavor and customer appeal

D) to increase flavor and customer appeal

Why was beta-carotene inserted into GM golden rice?

A)  to better synthesize proteins in the body

B)  to see better under low light conditions

C)  to more efficiently digest his or her starchy diet

D)  to better synthesize vitamin A in the body

D) to better synthesize vitamin A in the body

What organisms contain a gene from a different species in their genome?

A)  artificial crop plants

B)  artificially selected organisms

C)  transgenic organisms

D)  mutant crop plants

C) transgenic organisms

What undifferentiated cells are used in therapeutic cloning?

A)  plasmid cells

B)  stem cells

C)  somatic cells

D)  transgenic cells

B) stem cells

Why are stem cells used in therapeutic cloning?

A)  to create new genomes for diseased organisms

B)  to design model organisms for research processes

C)  to form recombinant bacteria for medicine production

D)  to produce healthy tissues as replacements for damaged ones

D) to produce healthy tissues as replacements for damaged ones

What process is used to clone livestock animals like sheep?

A)  gene therapy

B)  using a gene gun

C)  stem cell research

D)  nuclear transfer

D) nuclear transfer

What is pharming?

A)  the use of genetically modified crops with organic pesticides

B)  the use of genetically modified organisms to produce medical treatments

C)  the use of gene guns to produce genetically modified fish species

D)  the use of genetically modified organisms that are photosynthetic

B) the use of genetically modified organisms to produce medical treatments

In what tissues can adult stem cells be found?

A)  Stem cells are found only in embryonic tissues.

B)  Adult stem cells can be found in bone marrow and the liver.

C)  Stem cells can be found in any tissue that reproduces.

D)  Adult stem cells are found in the lining of the digestive system.

B) adult stem cells can be found in bone marrow and the liver

What nonembryonic tissues are sources of stem cells?

A)  Cheek bones

B)  Cells in large intestine

C)  Primary teeth

D)  Skin cells

C) primary teeth

What conclusions did the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) make regarding milk from cows treated with recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH)?

A)  The FDA only regulates meat and poultry, so no conclusion can be made about milk.

B)  Milk from rBGH cows contains less minerals than milk from untreated cows.

C)  Milk from untreated cows contains more vitamins than milk from rBGH cows.

D)  No detectable difference exists for milk from treated and untreated cows.

D) no detectable difference exists for milk from treated and untreated cows

What is CRISPR technology?

A)  a new medicine to combat resistant bacteria

B)  a procedure for generating insulin and clotting factor

C)  a tool for gene editing in crop plants and animals

D)  a way to retain freshness in produce

C) a tool for gene editing in crop plants and animals

Why is CRISPR technology currently being used?

A)  to add new genes for increased bovine milk production

B)  to create specific human organs for transplant

C)  to edit genes in malaria-causing mosquitoes

D)  to ensure effective in vitro fertilization processes

C) to edit genes in malaria-causing mosquitoes