CPSC-2310 Exam 2 Fall 2025

size of data type char in bytes

1 byte

size of data type short in bytes

2 bytes

size of data type int in bytes

4 bytes

size of data type long in bytes

8 bytes

size of data type char* in bytes

8 bytes

Little endian

least significant byte to the most significant byte

Big endian

Most significant byte to the least significant byte.

What happens to the equivalent hexadecimal value of 2ⁿ as n increases by 4?

The hexadecimal value is multiplied by 10. (e.g. 2⁴ = 0x10, 2⁸ = 0x100, 2¹² = 0x1000)

Rule for Bitwise (~) NOT

flip each bit. (0→1, 1→0)

Rule for Bitwise (&) AND

If both bits are 1, the resulting bit will be 1, otherwise 0.

Rule for Bitwise (^) EXCLUSIVE OR (XOR)

If both are the same you get a 0. If different you get a 1.

Rule for Bitwise (|) OR

1 if either bit is 1.

Use bitwise ________ to extract a subset of the bits in a value.

AND

Use bitwise ________ to set a subset of bits in a string of bits.

OR

Use bitwise ________ to toggle a subset of bits in a string of bits.

XOR

The Left Shift Operator is a binary operator that is the equivalent to ________ the bit pattern with 2^k (assuming shift k bits to the left).

multiplying.

The Right Shift Operator is a binary operator that is the equivalent to ________ the bit pattern with 2^k (assuming shift k bits to the right).

dividing

The difference between logical right shift and arithmetic right shift.

Logical shift shifts in zeros (used for unsigned). Arithmetic shifts replicates the sign bit (used for signed integers).

True or False: Unsigned data always uses logical right shift

TRUE

Signed Magnitude

Flip the first bit (sign bit): 0 = positive, 1 = negative. EX: -5 → 10000101, +5 → 00000101.

2’s Complement

Invert all bits, then add 1.

1’s Complement

Invert all bits

1₁₆ in binary

0001

2₁₆ in binary

0010

4₁₆ in binary 

0100

8₁₆ in binary

1000