Adolescent Development Theories and Perspectives

Storm and Stress

Hall's view of adolescence as conflictual and turbulent.

Biological Development

Hall's belief that adolescence is primarily biologically driven.

Inventionist View

Adolescence defined by societal constructs, not biology.

Sociocultural Perspective

Mead's view that culture shapes adolescent experiences.

Identity Exploration

Arnett's feature of emerging adulthood focusing on self-discovery.

Instability

Arnett's feature highlighting transitional life changes.

Self-Focused

Arnett's feature emphasizing personal priorities in emerging adulthood.

Feeling in Between

Arnett's feature describing uncertainty in adulthood status.

Age of Possibilities

Arnett's feature indicating potential for new opportunities.

Cultural Differences

Variations in adulthood definitions across different societies.

Economic Independence

Financial self-sufficiency as a marker of adulthood.

Lifelong Development

Continuous growth throughout all life stages.

Adolescence Definition

Transition period from childhood to adulthood, ages 10-19.

Early Adolescence

Stage including puberty changes, middle school years.

Late Adolescence

Stage during late teenage years, post-puberty.

Adolescent Stereotypes

Common perceptions: troubled, self-centered, assertive, adventurous.

Modern Psychology View

Adolescence seen as growth, not solely conflict.

Positive Youth Development

Focus on strengths and potential in adolescents.

Cultural Contexts in U.S.

Increasing diversity due to immigration and demographics.

Cultural Variations

Different global experiences of adolescence based on culture.

Hall's Early Views

Adolescence as inherently conflictual and mood-driven.

Mead's Conclusion

Adolescence experience varies by cultural context.

Parental Choice

Asian Indian adolescents accept parents' marital choices.

Economic Sacrifice

Filipino females move to cities for family support.

Stress Survival

Kenyan adolescents learn to cope with stress.

Gender Interaction Restrictions

Middle Eastern adolescents can't interact with opposite sex.

Early Marriage

Russian adolescents marry early to legitimize sexual activity.

Health Improvements

Fewer adolescent deaths from diseases and malnutrition.

Health Risks

Increased drug use among adolescents threatens development.

Gender Differences

Experiences vary for male and female adolescents.

Biological Determinant

Physical changes in the body during development.

Cognitive Determinant

Changes in thinking and intelligence over time.

Socioemotional Determinant

Changes in emotions and relationships with others.

Early Adulthood

Begins in late teens, lasts through 30s.

Middle Adulthood

Starts around 35-45, ends at 55-65.

Late Adulthood

Lasts from 60-70 until death.

Emerging Adulthood

Characterized by identity exploration and instability.

Intellectual Assets

Knowledge and skills for life and vocational success.

Psychological Assets

Good mental health and emotional self-regulation.

Social Assets

Trust and relationships with parents and peers.

Adolescent Development Issues

Major challenges in studying adolescent growth.

Microsystem

Immediate environment where the adolescent lives.

Mesosystem

Interactions between different microsystems.

Exosystem

Social settings affecting the adolescent indirectly.

Macrosystem

Cultural context surrounding the adolescent.

Chronosystem

Life transitions and sociohistorical events.

Freud's Id

Impulsive personality part seeking pleasure.

Freud's Ego

Rational personality part balancing id and reality.

Freud's Superego

Moral personality part considering right and wrong.

Piaget's Formal Operational Stage

Cognitive development stage from age 12 onward.

Formal Operational Stage

Begins at age 11; abstract reasoning develops.

Vygotsky's Theory

Knowledge construction through culture and social interaction.

Skinner's Operant Conditioning

Behavior changes based on consequences of actions.

Social Cognitive Theory

Development influenced by behavior, environment, and cognition.

Descriptive Research Design

Observational studies without manipulation of variables.

Correlational Research Design

Examines relationships between variables without causation.

Experimental Research Design

Tests causal relationships through controlled variables.

APA Ethical Guideline: Informed Consent

Participants must understand study details and participation.

APA Ethical Guideline: Confidentiality

Participants' information must remain private and secure.

APA Ethical Guideline: Debriefing

Participants receive full study explanation post-research.

APA Ethical Guideline: Deception

Necessary deception must be justified and revealed later.

Observational Method

Data collection through watching subjects in natural settings.

Survey and Interview Method

Gathering data through structured questions and discussions.

Standardized Testing Method

Assessing individuals using uniform tests for comparison.

Case Study Method

In-depth analysis of a single individual or group.

Physiological Measures Method

Data collection through biological responses and metrics.

Scientific Method Step 1

Conceptualize a process or problem for study.

Scientific Method Step 2

Collect research data systematically and accurately.

Scientific Method Step 3

Analyze collected data for patterns and insights.

Scientific Method Step 4

Draw conclusions based on analyzed data.

Laboratory Observation

Controlled setting research with minimal distractions.

Naturalistic Observation

Observing subjects in their everyday environments.

Case Study Advantage

Provides in-depth insight into individual cases.

Case Study Disadvantage

Reliability of judgments may be questionable.

Correlational Research

Explores relationships without establishing causation.

Experimental Research

Determines causation through variable control and assignment.

Five C's of Positive Youth Development

Competence, confidence, connection, character, caring.

Transition to Adolescence

Significant physical, emotional, and social changes occur.

Nature vs. Nurture

Debate on genetic vs. environmental influences on development.