Hip, Knee, Ankle and Foot Joint Chart

Midterm

What is the hip joint called

acetabulofemoral

Prime movers of hip FLEXION

Psoas Major, iliacus, rectus femoris, sartorius

Innervation for Hip flexors

Psoas Major: lumbar L2-L4
Iliacus, rectus femoris, sartorius : femoral L2-L4

Hip flexion occupations/dysfunctions

occupations: Lower-body dressing (stepping into pants), climbing stairs, sitting down, and car transfers.
dysfunctions: Weakness limits limb clearance during the swing phase of gait; tightness can alter upright postural alignment and pelvic tilt.

Prime movers of hip extension

Gluteus maximus, hamstrings (semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris), adductor magnus (posterior fibers)

Innvervation of Hip extensors

Gluteus maximus: inferior gluteal L5-S2
Hamstrings: Tibial nerve (sciatic) L5-S3
Adductor Magnus: Obturator and tibial nerves L2-S4

Hip extension: occupation, dysfunctions

occupations: Rising from a low chair (sit-to-stand), walking uphill, lifting heavy objects, and maintaining upright posture

dysfunctions: Difficulty transitioning from sit-to-stand, compensatory forward trunk lean during lifting, and reduced walking propulsion.

Prime movers for hip abduction

Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, TFL, Gluteus maximus (superior fibers)

Innervation for hip abductors

superior gluteal nerve L4-S1

Hip Abductors: occupations and dysfunctions

occupations: Stepping sideways, maintaining balance during single-limb support in walking, and stepping in and out of a bathtub.

dysfunctions: Weakness leads to a Trendelenburg gait (pelvic drop on the unsupported side); lateral friction can lead to greater trochanteric pain syndrome / gluteal tendinopathy.

Prime movers for hip Adduction

Adductor Longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, pectineus, gracilis

Innervation for Hip adductors

obturator L2-L4
pectineus: femoral L2-L3

Hip adduction: occupations and dysfunctions

occupations: Narrow-base stability, keeping legs together during seated activities, and repositioning legs in bed.

dysfunction: Tightness can cause scissoring gait patterns; weakness impacts lower-extremity medial stabilization during dynamic functional tasks

Prime movers of hip internal rotation

Anterior fibers of gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and the tensor fasciae latae

Innervation for muscles that contribute to hip internal rotation

Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)

Hip internal rotators: occupations, dysfunctions

occupations: Pivoting the lower body during functional transfers, shifting weight or changing direction while walking, and positioning the lower extremities during daily tasks.

dysfunctions: Weakness or altered motor control impacts medial limb positioning and balance during dynamic transitional movements; hypertonicity or impingement can contribute to lateral hip and trochanteric discomfort

Prime movers of Hip external rotators

Piriformis, Obturator Internus & Externus, Superior & Inferior Gemelli,
Quadratus Femoris

Innervation for Hip external rotators

Sacral plexus branches (L5–S2)

Hip external rotators: occupations and dysfunctions

occupation: Positioning lower extremities during dressing (crossing legs to put on socks/shoes) and pivoting during transfers

dysfunction: Piriformis hypertonicity or tightness can contribute to posterior hip/buttock pain and alter deep pelvic mechanics.

Prime movers for knee extension

Quadriceps: rectus femoris, vastus medialis/lateralis/intermedius

Innervation for Knee extensors

Femoral L2–L4

Knee extension: occupations and dysfunction

occupations: Sit-to-stand, stairs, standing

dysfunction: Knee buckling; difficulty rising

Prime movers for knee flexion

Hamstrings, gastrocnemius

ASSIST: sartorius/gracilis

Knee flexors Innervation

Sciatic divisions; tibial/femoral/obturator contributions

Knee flexion occupation and dysfunctions

occupations: Walking, dressing, stairs, sitting

dysfunction: Reduced foot clearance; stiff-knee gait

Prime movers for internal rotation of flexed knee

Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, popliteus

ASSIST: gracilis/sartorius

Innervation for internal rotators of flexed knee

Tibial sciatic; obturator/femoral for assistants

Internal rotators of flexed knee: occupations and dysfunctions

occupations: Turning/pivoting, foot placement

dysfunctions: poor rotational control

Prime movers for external rotators of flexed knee

Biceps femoris

Innervation for external rotators of flexed knee

Sciatic

External rotators of flexed knee: occupations, dysfunctions

occupations: Foot placement, gait transitions

dysfunctions: Altered pivoting mechanics

Prime movers for dorsiflexion

Tibialis anterior, EHL, EDL, fibularis tertius

Innervation for dorsiflexors

Deep fibular L4–S1

Dorsiflexors: occupation and dysfunction

occupation: Swing clearance, stairs, walking

dysfunction: Foot drop; steppage gait; tripping

Prime movers of plantar flexion

Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, tibialis posterior, FHL, FDL

Innervation for plantar flexors

Tibial L4–S3

Plantar Flexors: occupations and dysfunctions

occupations: Walking push-off, stairs, reaching

dysfunction: Reduced push-off; poor balance

Prime movers for inversion

Tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior

Innervation for inversion

Deep fibular + tibial

Inversion: occupation and dysfunctions

occupation: Uneven surfaces, foot stabilization

dysfunction: Instability or excessive lateral loading

Prime movers for eversion

Fibularis longus/brevis

ASSISTS: fibularis tertius

Innervation for eversion

Superficial fibular, tertius deep fibular

Eversion: occupations and dysfunctions

occupations: Surface adaptation, balance reactions

dysfunctions: Poor adaptation; ankle instability

Hallux extension: occupations and dysfunctions

occupation: Terminal stance, push-off

dysfunction: Restricted extension alters progression over forefoot

Hallux extension Innervation

deep fibular

Hallux Flexion Innervation

Tibial → plantar nerves

Hallux Flexion: occupation and dysfunctions

occupation: Walking, balance

dysfunction: Reduced push-off/stability

Toes 2-5 Extension Innervation

Deep fibular

Toes 2-5 extension: occupation and dysfunctions

occupation: Walking, footwear

dysfunction: Clawing compensation or reduced clearance

Toes 2-5 flexion Innervation

Tibial → plantar nerves

Toes 2-5 flexion: occupation and dysfunction

occupation: Standing/walking

dysfunction: Reduced stability

Toe abduction prime movers

Dorsal interossei; abductor hallucis/digiti minimi

Toe abductor Innervation

Plantar nerves

Toe Abduction: occupation and dysfunction

occupation: Balance/base of support

dysfunction: Reduced intrinsic control

Toe adduction prime movers

Plantar interossei; adductor hallucis

Toe adduction Innervation

Lateral plantar nerve

Toe adduction: occupation and dysfunction

occupation: Foot stabilization

dysfunction: Altered toe alignment/control