body fluids and circulation

Blood (nature)

Slightly alkaline

Components of blood

Plasma 55%

Formed elements 45% (rbc, wbc and platelets

Serum

Plasma - clotting factor

Proteins present in plasma

1) fibrinogen - for clotting

2) globulins - immunity / defence mechanism

3) albumins - osmoregulation

No. And life span of erythrocytes

5-5.5 million per mm3

120 days

Amount of Haemoglobin per 100 ml of blood

12-16 gms

Graveyard of rbcs

Spleen

Types and abundance of leucocytes

1) granulocytes

a. Acidophils / eosinophils 2-3 percent

b. Basophils 0.5-1 percent

c. Neutrophils 60-65 percent

2) agranulocytes

a. Monocytes 6-8 percent

b. Lymphocytes 20-25 percent

Least and most abundant wbc

Neutrophils 60-65%

Basophils 0.5-1%

Types of lymphocytes

B lymphocyte

T lymphocyte

Which type of wbc shows inflammatory reactions

Basophils

No. Of wbcs

6000 to 8000 per mm3

What is anemia

Decrease of Hb in blood

Abundance of thrombocytes

150000 to 350000 per mm3

ABO grouping is based on??

Presence or absence of two surface antigens

Universal acceptor and donor

AB universal acceptor

O universal donor

Presence of rh antigen is observed in how many humans

80%

Explain erythroblastosis foetalis

When the mother is rh -ve and baby rh +ve the mothers blood might come in contact with the baby’s blood during the first pregnancy

In the second pregnancy the antibodies from the mothers blood will enter the child (rh+ve) and destroy the childs rbcs

This condition is called erythroblastosis foetalis

Effects of erythroblastosis foetalis and the foetus

May kill the child or cause severe anaemia and jaundice

Important metal ion for blood coagulation and which factor is it

Ca+2 ions

Factor IV

Clot

A network of threads called fibrin in which dead and damaged formed elements of blood are trapped

Fibrin is formed through a series of steps

This process is known as

Cascade process

What is lymph

Small water soluble substances move out into the spaces between the cells of the tissues leaving the larger proteins and most of the formed elements in the blood vessels this fluid released out is called interstitial fluid or lymph

Lymph contain which type of wbcs and what is its function

Lymphocytes- responsible for immune responses of the body

Open circulatory system is found in

Arthropods and molluscs

Closed circulatory system is found in

Annelid and chordates

Why is closed circulatory system more advantageous

Flow of fluid can be more precisely regulated

2 chambered heart is seen in?

Fishes

3 chambered heart is seen in

Amphibians and reptiles except crocodiles and alligators

4 chambered heart is seen in

Crocodiles, birds and mammals

Heart is covered by

Pericardium